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Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia. The Government reforms imposed by Tsar Alexander II of Russia, often called the Great Reforms ( Russian: Великие реформы, romanized : Velikie reformy) by historians, were a series of major social, political, legal and governmental reforms in the Russian Empire carried out in the 1860s.
Alexander III and Nicholas II on French stamps, c. 1896. Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the Franco-Prussian War, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of Berlin while the Tsesarevich made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French.
Alexander I (Russian: Александр I Павлович, romanized: Aleksandr I Pavlovich, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ]; 23 December [O.S. 12 December] 1777 – 1 December [O.S. 19 November] 1825), nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825.
Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov ( Alexander III, 10 March 1845, Winter Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire — 1 November 1894, Maley Palace, Livadia, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire) was the Emperor of Russia from 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881 until his death on 1 November [O.S. 20 October] 1894. He reversed some of the liberal laws ...
Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna, by Woldemar Hau. Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia (30 August 1842 – 10 July 1849) was the eldest child and first daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. She died from infant meningitis at the age of six and a half.
Catherine's grandson, Alexander I, repulsed an invasion by the French Emperor Napoleon, leading Russia into the status of one of the great powers. Peasant revolts intensified during the nineteenth century, culminating with Alexander II abolishing Russian serfdom in 1861.
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (Russian: Марія Александровна; 17 October [O.S. 5 October] 1853 – 24 October 1920) was the fifth child and only surviving daughter of Alexander II of Russia and Marie of Hesse and by Rhine; she was Duchess of Edinburgh and later Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as the wife of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
