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Brigadier General Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence, KCB (28 June 1806 – 4 July 1857) was a British military officer, surveyor, administrator and statesman in British India. He is best known for leading a group of administrators in the Punjab affectionately known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men" , as the founder of the Lawrence Military ...
Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence was an English soldier and administrator who helped to consolidate British rule in the Punjab region. After joining the Bengal artillery in 1823, Lawrence served at the capture of Arakan in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). He studied the Urdu, Hindi, and Persian.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Sir Henry Lawrence (in full Henry Montgomery Lawrence) (28 June 1806-4 July 1857) was a senior British officer and administrator of British India. He was the first Chief Commissioner of the Punjab after its annexation by the British, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
18 de may. de 2024 · Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence. Siege of Lucknow, (25 May–27 November 1857), sustained assault and eventual relief of the British "Residency" (British governmental headquarters) in India’s northern city of Lucknow, part of 1857–58 Indian Mutiny against British rule.
- Tony Bunting
- Overview
- Background
- Early career
- Resident at Nepal
- Punjab
- Oude and Rajputana
- Siege of Lucknow
- Educational institutions
- Family life
- Works
Spouse(s) Honoria Marshall (m. 1837)
Relations The 1st Baron Lawrence
Sir George Lawrence
Other work Resident Minister at Lahore
Chief Commissioner of Awadh
Brigadier-General Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence, KCB (28 June 1806 – 4 July 1857), was a British military officer, surveyor, administrator and statesman in British India. He is best known for leading a group of administrators in the Punjab affectionately known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men", as the founder of the Lawrence Military Asylums and for his death at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion.
Lawrence was born in June 1806 into an Ulster-Scots family at Matara in Ceylon. Both his parents were from Ulster, the northern province of Ireland. His mother Letitia was the daughter of the Rev. George Knox from County Donegal, while his father, Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander William Lawrence, was born the son of a mill owner from Coleraine, County Londonderry, entered the service of the British Army and achieved distinction at the 1799 Siege of Seringapatnam.[1] The Lawrences had seven sons, the first died in infancy and the fifth at the age of eighteen. The remaining five all achieved distinction in India; of them Sir George Lawrence and Lord Lawrence would achieve particular fame.
In 1812, Lawrence, along with his elder brothers Alexander and George, was sent to Foyle College in Derry, a city in Ulster, where their uncle Rev. James Knox was headmaster. In 1818 he rejoined his parents in Bristol where they had since settled, and completed his schooling there.[2] In August 1820 he again followed his elder brothers by entering the East India Company Military Seminary in Addiscombe, Surrey.[1] (His father, having felt slighted by the lack of recognition afforded to him for his service in the British Army, encouraged his sons to instead enter the service of the East India Company in India.[3]) Whilst at the seminary, he was saved from drowning by a fellow cadet Robert Guthrie MacGregor.[4] On another occasion, he developed sympathy for a lady in poverty, and begged old clothes from his family which he then carried to her through the streets of London. That same lady would be remembered in his will some thirty-five years later.[5] Contemporaries in his class at Addiscombe included Sir Frederick Abbott.
On passing out from Addiscombe in 1822 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Bengal Artillery, arriving in India the following year. He was based at the Calcutta suburb of Dum Dum, where Henry Havelock was also stationed about the same time. He soon saw action in the First Anglo-Burmese War, and at the age of 18 Lawrence commanded a battery forming part of the Chittagong column which General Joseph Morrison led over the jungle-covered hills of Arakan. He served for two years in Burma, until the expedition was decimated by fever, and Lawrence nearly perished of the illness.[6] He returned to Dum Dum, before being sent first to Penang and then Canton to convalesce. As these changes in climate failed to affect his health for the better, he was invalided back to England.[6] During his furlough in England, he resided with his family in Bristol, where he would first meet his future wife Honoria Marshall, until the opportunity arose in the autumn of 1828 to assist in the trigonometrical survey in Ireland.[7]
Lawrence set sail for India on 2 September 1829 with his brother John, who had recently completed his studies at the East India Company College.[8] The brothers parted company in Calcutta, and Lawrence rejoined his regiment in Karnal on the Sikh frontier, where his elder brother George was now stationed.[7] In 1831 he was transferred to the horse artillery in Cawnpore and the following year he passed examinations in Hindustani and Persian with the aim of earning a civil service posting.[9]
Lawrence arrived in Kathmandu in November 1843, leaving his wife behind as European women were not allowed to enter the Kingdom at that present time.[19] Shortly after arriving, as a gesture of goodwill, Honoria was granted a rare exception to join her husband. During his time in Nepal, under instruction not to interfere in the internal administrat...
In 1845, instability in the Sikh Empire led to growing tensions with neighbouring provinces. Lawrence's articles in the Calcutta Review had caught the attention of Henry Hardinge, the new Governor-General of India, who was impressed by his knowledge of the region.[22] Hardinge appointed Lawrence as his political assistant following the death of Maj...
Lawrence began his new role as the Governor-General's Agent in Rajputana in 1853. Much of his energy was devoted to two principal causes, the abolition of widow-burning in Rajputana and reforming the prison system.[33] Whilst in Rajputana his wife Honoria died and his health began to fail, prompting first a desire to succeed Sir James Outram as Resident at Lucknow, for which he was overlooked for a civilian, and thereafter a desire to undertake leave to England.
In 1856, Oudh had been annexed by the East India Company on the grounds of internal maladministration. The following March, Lawrence was appointed to the prestigious post of Chief Commissioner of Oudh. Under his predecessor Colville Coverley Jackson, much of the local aristocracy had fallen from grace and widespread unrest had come to the fore. An added concern was growing discontent amongst the Sepoys of the Bengal Army, a large proportion of whom were drawn from Oudh, and thus able to command support in the province.[34] Lawrence had long taken an interest in the sepoy army, noting its defects, and advising successive Governor-Generals of the need to listen to concerns of the soldiery and implement reform, and as such was wary that any insurrection amongst the sepoys could instigate a wider civil unrest.[35]
In May 1857, two months after assuming his post in Oudh, the Indian Rebellion of 1857 commenced. Lawrence earned praise for the prompt and decisive handling of an insurrection of an irregular native regiment near Lucknow, and was in turn awarded full military and civil authority by the Governor-General, Lord Canning. He arranged for a garrison in Lucknow of some 1700 men, and took refuge in the British residency. Such was his assured handling of the crisis, that the British government and Board of Directors of the East India Company found it necessary to nominate him as provisional Governor-General of India in the event of the death or resignation of Lord Canning.[36]
On the morning of 30 June, despite being weak and exhausted with illness, he led a march towards Nawabgunj to confront some mutinous regiments approaching Lucknow. Around six or seven miles from Lucknow he encountered 15,000 soldiers with thirty guns and soon after the artillery of the Oude irregular force deserted his command and joined the mutineers.[32] Significantly outnumbered Lawrence was forced into a retreat, suffering heavy losses. On their return, the Residency was soon besieged by mutineers and the Siege of Lucknow commenced. On 1 July, a shell burst into his quarters in the upper part of the Residency, and despite pleas from his officers he refused to move his quarters to a safer area. The following day, whilst lying on a couch, a shell burst beside him and shattered his thigh. Dr Joseph Fayrer was summoned to provide consultation, and decided that amputation would only increase his suffering, and was likely to shorten his life. Fayrer gave him three days to live. Lawrence lingered until the second day, and died at approximately eight in the morning on 4 July 1857.
Lawrence established institutions for the education of the children of British soldiers, known as the Lawrence Military Asylums, at four places in British India. Three of these institutions survive today as the prestigious Lawrence School, Sanawar (HP, India), Lawrence School, Lovedale (TN, India) and Lawrence College, Ghora Gali (Murree, Pakistan): the fourth, which does not survive, was at Mount Abu, in present-day Rajasthan.
Following the Disruption of 1843, along with Sir James Outram, Lawrence supported Reverend Alexander Duff in establishing the Free Church Institution in Calcutta, as a rival institution to the General Assembly's Institution, which had been founded by Duff in 1830.[38][39] These two institutions would later be merged to form the Scottish Churches College, known since 1929 (when the Church of Scotland was unified) as Scottish Church College.[40]
Lawrence married Honoria Marshall at St. John's Church, Calcutta, on 21 August 1837.[41] They had four children. In 1858, his eldest son Alexander was created 1st Baronet Lawrence, of Lucknow, in consideration of his father's services.
•Lawrence, H. M. L. (1845). Adventures of an Officer in the Service of Runjeet Singh. London: Henry Colburn. https://archive.org/stream/AdventuresOfAnOfficerInTheServiceOfRunjeetSinghVolumeI#page/n7/mode/2up.
•Lawrence, Henry Montgomery (1859). Essays, Military and Political, Written in India. London: W. H. Allen & Co.. https://archive.org/stream/EssaysMilitaryAndPoliticalWrittenInIndia#page/n5/mode/2up.
Lieutenant (later Brigadier-General Sir) Henry Montgomery Lawrence (1806-1857), 1828 (c) Oil on canvas, attributed to James Heath Millington (1799-1872), 1828 (c). Henry Lawrence is best remembered as 'Lawrence of Lucknow' for organising the defence of the Residency at Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny (1857-1859).
18 de may. de 2018 · Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence. Lawrence, Sir Henry. views 1,302,568 updated May 18 2018. Lawrence, Sir Henry (1806–57). Soldier. Henry Lawrence was the elder brother of John Lawrence, later viceroy of India, and younger brother of General Sir George Lawrence. All three made their careers in India.
