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1 de ago. de 2009 · When explaining 1989, one needs to focus on three major themes: the deep-seated meanings of the collapse of state socialist regimes in east central Europe, the nature of revolutions at the end of the twentieth century, and the role of critical (public) intellectuals in politics.
- Vladimir Tismaneanu
- 2009
The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.
The Revolutions of 1989 refers to the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe, the end of the period of the Cold War and the removal of the Iron Curtain between Eastern and Western Europe. Primarily, it was the disavowal of Communism by all of the Eastern European states that were in the Soviet sphere of influence after World War II .
28 de oct. de 2009 · In 1989 the Soviet empire in Eastern Europe collapsed; the division of Europe symbolized by the Berlin Wall crumbled; the cold war began to recede into historical memory; and more pluralistic,...
- Early Protests
- The Fall of Communism in Poland and Hungary
- The Fall of The Berlin Wall
- The Other Revolutions of 1989
- Aftermath
In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the USSR. Desperate to fix the potentially fatal flaws in the Soviet system, he enacted two main policies. Perestroika(economic restructuring) entailed opening the Soviet economy to limited forms of free enterprise. Therefore, some private medical clinics began to pop up, and foreign busi...
By late 1988 to early 1989, the protests were revolutionary in nature and had spread throughout the entire Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc. For example, in Poland, mass strikes were encouraged by the anti-authoritarian independent trade union and political party Solidarity. Then, following Gorbachev's December 1988 announcement that the USSR could no...
Perhaps the most famous revolution of 1989 occurred in the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany). Much like the rest of Eastern Europe, by the 1980s, the East German economy was stagnant and unproductive. Moreover, the Berlin Wall, constructed in 1961 to prevent people from fleeing to West Germany, had become a symbol of the Iron Curtain...
Following the Polish, Hungarian, and German revolutions, similar political upheaval occurred throughout the Soviet sphere. The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia led to the end of communist rule in the country and the separation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Bulgariaalso saw widespread peaceful protests, which led to the first free elections...
On December 26, 1991, the Soviet parliament voted the USSR out of existence. Since then, only a handful of countries have self-described as Communist. Thus, the continued impact of the events of 1989 is profound. Western-style capitalism is now the de facto international economic system. Furthermore, the years of the communist rule took their toll ...
Still, a true international history of 1989 has yet to be written, and the domino effects of that amazing year need to be studied further.¹ For many Eastern European politicians and intellectuals, from Warsaw to Sofia, the euphoria of the revolutions quickly gave way to new circumstances, needs and problems.
1 de ago. de 2009 · When explaining 1989, one needs to focus on three major themes: the deep-seated meanings of the collapse of state socialist regimes in cast central Europe, the nature Of revolutions at the end of...
