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The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and Italic; another nine subdivisions are now extinct .
The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, are mostly living languages. If all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct. What constitutes a language?
5 de may. de 2014 · The Indo-European languages have a large number of branches: Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Armenian, Tocharian, Balto-Slavic and Albanian. Anatolian. This branch of languages was predominant in the Asian portion of Turkey and some areas in northern Syria. The most famous of these languages is Hittite.
- Cristian Violatti
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The term Indo-European itself now current in English literature, was coined in 1813 by the British scholar Sir Thomas Young, although at that time, there was no consensus as to the naming of the recently discovered language family. However, he seems to have used it as a geographical term, to indicate the newly proposed language family in Eurasia sp...
The comparative method was formally developed in the 19th century and applied first to Indo-European languages. The existence of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had been inferred by comparative linguisticsas early as 1640, while attempts at an Indo-European proto-language reconstruction date back as far as 1713. However, by the 19th century, still no cons...
Preliminary work
The ancient Greeks were aware that their language had changed since the time of Homer (about 730BC). Aristotle (about 330BC) identified four types of linguistic change: insertion, deletion, transposition and substitution. In the 1st century BC, the Romans were aware of the similarities between Greek and Latin.[citation needed] In the post-classical West, with the influence of Christianity[citation needed], language studies were undermined by the attempt to derive all languages from Hebrew sin...
Early Indo-European studies
In his 1647 essay, Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn proposed the existence of a primitive common language he called "Scythian". He included in its descendants Dutch, German, Latin, Greek, and Persian, and his posthumously published Originum Gallicarum liber of 1654 added Slavic, Celtic and Baltic. The 1647 essay discusses, as a first, the methodological issues in assigning languages to genetic groups. For example, he observed that loanwords should be eliminated in comparative studies, and also corr...
Later Indo-European studies
The classical phase of Indo-European comparative linguistics leads from Bopp to August Schleicher's 1861 Compendium and up to Karl Brugmann's 5-volume Grundriss (outline of Indo-European languages) published from 1886 to 1893. Brugmann's Neogrammarian re-evaluation of the field and Ferdinand de Saussure's proposal of the concept of "consonantal schwa" (which later evolved into the laryngeal theory) may be considered the beginning of "contemporary" Indo-European studies. The Indo-European prot...
Marxists such as Bruce Lincoln (himself an Indo-Europeanist) have criticized aspects of Indo-European studies believed to be overly reactionary. In the 1980s, Georges Dumézil and Indo-European studies in general came under fire from historian Arnaldo Momigliano, who accused Indo-European studies of being created by fascists bent on combating "Judeo...
Journals
1. Kuhn's Zeitschrift KZ since 1852, in 1988 renamed to Historische SprachforschungHS 2. Indogermanische ForschungenIF since 1892 3. Glottasince 1909 4. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de ParisBSL since 1869 5. Die Sprachesince 1949 6. Münchner Studien zur SprachwissenschaftMSS since 1952 7. Journal of Indo-European StudiesJIES since 1973 8. Tocharian and Indo-European Studiessince 1987 9. Studia indo-europaeasince 2001 10. International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic...
Book series
1. Leiden Studies in Indo-European, founded 1991 2. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European, founded 1999 3. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, founded 2005
A color-coded map of languages used throughout Europe. There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language.
There are about 445 living Indo-European languages, according to an estimate by Ethnologue, with over two-thirds (313) of them belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch. All Indo-European languages are descended from a single prehistoric language, linguistically reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European, spoken sometime in the Neolithic to Early Bronze Age.
6 de feb. de 2019 · This article is about the family of languages found in much of Europe and Asia. For other uses, see Indo-European. family of several hundred related languages and dialects. Indo-European. Geographic. distribution. Originally parts of Asiaand large parts of Europe, now worldwide. Native speakers: c. 3.2 billion. Linguistic classification.
