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The Polish diaspora is also known in modern Polish as Polonia, the name for Poland in Latin and many Romance languages . There are roughly 20,000,000 people of Polish ancestry living outside Poland, making the Polish diaspora one of the largest in the world [1] and one of the most widely dispersed. Reasons for displacement include border shifts ...
The Polish People's Army [1] was the second formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the East in 1943–1945, and in 1945–1989 the armed forces of the Polish communist state, the Polish People's Republic. It was under the command of the Polish Workers' Party and then the Polish United Workers' Party. The communist -led Polish armed forces ...
The Polish People's Republic pursued a policy of agricultural collectivization throughout the Stalinist regime period, from 1948 until the liberalization during Gomułka's thaw of 1956. However, Poland was the unique country in the Eastern Bloc where large-scale collectivization failed to take root. A legacy of collectivization in Poland was ...
Polish People's Army PAL. The Polish People's Army (PAL) ( Polska Armia Ludowa) was an underground leftist military organization in Nazi-occupied Poland during World War II. It was active between 1943 and 1945. At its peak it numbered several thousand members. At its inception it was composed of two smaller leftist organizations, the People's ...
1907. Albert A. Michelson [3] Physics. "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". 1911. Maria Skłodowska Curie (2nd time) [4] Chemistry. "for the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of ...
Napoleon made another Polish state, “the Duchy of Warsaw”, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the countries at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern part was ruled by the Russian tsar. The Polish people did not like the new kings, and often rebelled (two big rebellions in 1830 and 1863).
An important role in shaping of the social attitudes of Poles was played by culture and art. Despite censorship and administrative interference, the patronage of the state and some leeway left to artistic creativity permitted the development of the Polish film school, theater, arts, music and literature after destalinization of 1956.
