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Avian malaria is a vector-transmitted disease caused by protozoa in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus; these parasites reproduce asexually within bird hosts and both asexually and sexually within their insect vectors, which include mosquitoes (), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and louse flies (Hippoboscidae). [6]
La malaria en las aves es comúnmente propagada por especies pertenecientes al género Culex. Sólo las hembras de los mosquitos pican. Los mosquitos de ambos sexos se alimentan de néctar, pero las hembras precisan de una o más ingestiones de sangre para realizar la puesta de huevos, pues el contenido en proteínas del néctar es muy bajo.
In malaria-endemic areas, parasitemia does not ensure a diagnosis of severe malaria, because parasitemia can be incidental to other concurrent disease. Recent investigations suggest that malarial retinopathy is better (collective sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 90%) than any other clinical or laboratory feature in distinguishing malarial from non-malarial coma .
Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical regions because rainfall, warm temperatures, and stagnant waters provide an environment ideal for mosquito larvae. Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.
La malaria aviar es causada casi siempre por el protozoo Plasmodium relictum que infecta a las aves en las regiones tropicales. Hay varias otras especies de Plasmodium que infectan a las aves, tales como Plasmodium anasum y Plasmodium gallinaceum, pero éstas son de importancia menor excepto, en casos ocasionales, para la industria avícola.
The best studied of these are the Anopheles mosquitoes which host the Plasmodium parasites of human malaria, as well as Culex mosquitoes which host the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in birds. Only female mosquitoes are infected with Plasmodium , since only they feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. [ 36 ]
Approximate areas affected by malaria as of 2009 in dark red and orange (click to enlarge) Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal tropical disease.Four kinds of malaria parasites can infect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae; infection with P. falciparum, if not promptly and correctly treated, can be fatal in as little as one or two days.
