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Wilson, Peter H. Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (2016), long scholarly interpretive history; Wilson, Peter H. The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (2011), 156 pages; short summary by scholar; Zophy, Jonathan W. ed., The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook (Greenwood Press, 1980) แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
Germany. The Free Imperial City of Nuremberg ( German: Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city – independent city-state – within the Holy Roman Empire. After Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages and considerable territory from Bavaria in the Landshut War of ...
When the Holy Roman Empire took part in the Crusades, a war flag was flown alongside the black-gold imperial banner. This flag, known as the "Saint George Flag", was a white cross on a red background: the reverse of the St George's Cross used as the flag of Lombardy and England. [1] Red and white were also colours of the Hanseatic League (13th ...
Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637. He was the son of Archduke Charles II of Inner Austria and Maria of Bavaria, who were devout Catholics. In 1590, when Ferdinand was 11 years old, they sent him to study at the Jesuits' college in ...
The Holy Roman Empire was a claimed “successor state” to Charlemagne's Carolingian empire along with France and several other realms. The empire was a lot larger than modern day Germany and included the modern day countries Austria, the low countries, large parts of Eastern France, Northern Italy, Slovenia, parts of the northern Baltic, and Switzerland.
The Holy Roman Empire ( Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum; German: Heiliges Römisches Reich ), occasionally but unofficially referred to as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, [7] was a polity in Western and Central Europe under the rule of an Emperor, who was elected by the princes and the magistrates of its regions and cities.
Holy Roman Empire, German Heiliges Römisches Reich, Realm of varying extent in medieval and modern western and central Europe. Traditionally believed to have been established by Charlemagne , who was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800, the empire lasted until the renunciation of the imperial title by Francis II in 1806.
