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Wilson, Peter H. Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (2016), long scholarly interpretive history; Wilson, Peter H. The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (2011), 156 pages; short summary by scholar; Zophy, Jonathan W. ed., The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook (Greenwood Press, 1980) แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
Germany. The Free Imperial City of Nuremberg ( German: Freie Reichsstadt Nürnberg) was a free imperial city – independent city-state – within the Holy Roman Empire. After Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages and considerable territory from Bavaria in the Landshut War of ...
The Peace of Westphalia ( German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə] ⓘ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous ...
Brandenburg (and first cousin of the Elector of Bohemia) 1411. Sigismund. First cousin of predecessor. Luxembourg. Brandenburg (and half-brother of the Elector of Bohemia) 1438. Frankfurt. Albert II.
An Imperial Eagle beaker ( German: Reichsadlerhumpen ), or eagle glass, was a popular drinking vessel from the 16th until the late 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire. The enamelled glass was decorated with a double-headed eagle, usually in the shape of a Quaternion Eagle. The Reichsadler means "Imperial Eagle" or double-headed eagle which ...
Francis II and I ( German: Franz II.; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria as Francis I from 1804 to 1835. He was also King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and served as the first president of the German Confederation following its establishment in ...
Renaud III, Count of Burgundy. Mother. Agatha of Lorraine. Beatrice I (1143 – 15 November 1184) was countess of Burgundy from 1148 until her death, and was also Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Frederick Barbarossa. She was crowned empress by Antipope Paschal III in Rome on 1 August 1167, and as Queen of Burgundy at Vienne in August 1178.
