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Wilson, Peter H. Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (2016), long scholarly interpretive history; Wilson, Peter H. The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 (2011), 156 pages; short summary by scholar; Zophy, Jonathan W. ed., The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook (Greenwood Press, 1980) แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire, showing the Battle of Adrianople. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire faced its own problems with Germanic tribes. The Thervingi, an East Germanic tribe, fled their former lands following an invasion by the Huns. Their leaders Alavivus and Fritigern led them to seek refuge in the Eastern Roman Empire.
Princely abbeys ( German: Fürstabtei, Fürststift) and Imperial abbeys ( German: Reichsabtei, Reichskloster, Reichsstift, Reichsgotthaus) were religious establishments within the Holy Roman Empire which enjoyed the status of imperial immediacy ( Reichsunmittelbarkeit) and therefore were answerable directly to the Emperor.
Origins of the empire and sources of imperial ideas. There was no inherent reason why, after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West in 476 and the establishment there of Germanic kingdoms, there should ever again have been an empire, still less a Roman empire, in western Europe. The reason this took place is to be sought (1) in certain local ...
Roman Catholicism. Signature. Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. [1] [2] Before his accession as emperor, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the House of Habsburg in the name of his elder ...
Renaud III, Count of Burgundy. Mother. Agatha of Lorraine. Beatrice I (1143 – 15 November 1184) was countess of Burgundy from 1148 until her death, and was also Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Frederick Barbarossa. She was crowned empress by Antipope Paschal III in Rome on 1 August 1167, and as Queen of Burgundy at Vienne in August 1178.
North German Confederation – 1870. A confederation of German client-states of the First French Empire. An attempted partial resurrection of the Holy Roman Empire after the Napoleonic wars. A Prussian-dominated successor to the German Confederation following the 1866 Austro-Prussian War.
