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Teólogo y filósofo alemán. Reconocido como el fundador de la teología protestante moderna. Obras: Compendio de la fe cristiana según los principios de la Iglesia evangélica, Sobre la religión... Religión: Luteranismo. Movimiento: Idealismo alemán. Padres: Johann Gottlieb Adolf Schleyermacher y Elisabeth Maria Katharina Stubenrauch.
- Overview
- Childhood and education
- Early career
- Halle and Berlin
- Influence
Friedrich Schleiermacher (born November 21, 1768, Breslau, Silesia—died February 12, 1834, Berlin) German theologian, preacher, and classical philologist, generally recognized as the founder of modern Protestant theology. His major work, Der christliche Glaube (1821–22; 2nd ed. 1831; The Christian Faith), is a systematic interpretation of Christian...
Schleiermacher was the son of Gottlieb and Katharina-Maria (née Stubenrauch) Schleiermacher. His father, a Reformed (Calvinist) military chaplain, and his mother both came from families of clergymen. He had an elder sister, Charlotte, and a younger brother, Carl.
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From 1783 to 1785 he attended a school of the Moravian Brethren (Herrnhuters), an influential Pietistic group, at Niesky. In this milieu, individualized study was combined with a piety based on the joy of salvation and a vividly imaginative relation with Jesus as Saviour, rather than (as in the Pietism centred in Halle) on a struggle to feel sorrow and repentance. Here Schleiermacher developed his lifelong interest in the Greek and Latin classics and his distinctive sense of the religious life. Later he called himself a Herrnhuter “of a higher order.”
Yet the lifeless and dogmatic narrowness of the Moravian seminary at Barby, which he attended from 1785 to 1787, conflicted with his increasingly critical and inquiring spirit. He left in 1787 with the reluctant permission of his father, who had at first harshly rebuked him for his worldliness and accused him of hypocrisy, and at Easter he matriculated at the University of Halle. There he lived with his maternal uncle, Samuel Stubenrauch, a professor of theology, who could understand his restlessness and skepticism.
A diligent and independent student, Schleiermacher began, along with his theological studies, an intensive study of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy. In his epistemology (theory of knowledge), though not in his ethics and religion, he remained a Kantian throughout his life. After two years he moved to Drossen (Ośno), near Frankfurt an der Oder, where his uncle had assumed a pastorate, and began preparing for his first theological examinations. Though he read more in ethics than in theology, he took his examinations in Reformed theology in 1790, achieving marks of “very good” or “excellent” in all fields except dogmatics, the one in which he was later to make his most original contribution.
Schleiermacher then took a position as tutor for the family of the Graf (count) zu Dohna in Schlobitten, East Prussia. Besides tutoring, he preached regularly, chiefly on ethical themes, and continued his philosophical study, particularly of the question of human freedom. After taking his second theological examinations in 1794, the same year in which his father died, Schleiermacher became assistant pastor in Landsberg and then, in 1796, pastor of the Charité, a hospital and home for the aged just outside Berlin. In that city he found his way into the circle of the German Romantic writers through the creator of early Romanticism, Friedrich von Schlegel, with whom he shared an apartment for a time, began a translation of Plato’s works, and became acquainted with the new Berlin society.
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In Über die Religion. Reden an die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern (On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers), written in 1799 as a kind of literary confession, Schleiermacher addressed the Romantics with the message that they were not as far from religion as they thought, for religion is the “feeling and intuition of the universe” or “the sense of the Infinite in the finite” and Christianity is one individual shaping of that feeling. This work, perennially attractive for its view of a living union of religion and culture, greatly impressed the young theologians of the time. The Monologen (1800; Soliloquies), written in a somewhat artificial rhythmic prose, presented a parallel to religion in the view of ethics as the intuition and action of the self in its individuality. The individuality of each human being is here seen as a unique “organ and symbol” of the Infinite itself.
In 1804 he accepted a call to be a university preacher, becoming a member of the faculty of theology at the University of Halle. As the first Reformed theologian on that Lutheran theological faculty and as a spokesman for Romantic idealism, he met a cool reception. But the situation changed, and after a year he was made ordinary professor of theology.
In Die Weihnachtsfeier (1805; Christmas Celebration), written in the style of a Platonic dialogue, Schleiermacher adopted the definition of religion he later incorporated into Der christliche Glaube. Instead of speaking of religion as “feeling and intuition,” he now called it simply “feeling”—namely, the immediate feeling that God lives and works in us as finite human beings.
Napoleon’s invasion of Prussia forced Schleiermacher to leave Halle in 1807. He moved to Berlin, giving lectures on his own and traveling about to encourage national resistance; he also assisted Wilhelm von Humboldt in laying plans for the new university to be founded in Berlin. He married Henriette von Willich, the widow of a close friend of his, in 1809. In that same year he became pastor of Dreifaltigkeitskirche (Trinity Church) in Berlin and in 1810 professor of theology at the new university; this latter position he retained to the end of his life.
His activities in the years following were many and varied. He lectured on theology and philosophy; he preached in Dreifaltigkeitskirche almost every Sunday until the end of his life; he was a member (from 1800) and permanent secretary of the Berlin Academy of Sciences; he carried on an extensive correspondence; and he was active in promoting the Prussian Union, which brought Lutheran and Calvinist churches into one body. His major publications during this period were the Kurze Darstellung des theologischen Studiums (1811; Brief Outline of the Study of Theology), presenting a curriculum in which the function of theology is to shape and direct the church as a religious community, and Der christliche Glaube.
His relations with the Prussian king were tense until 1831, partly because of differences of view concerning the Prussian constitution and the relation between church and state and partly because of machinations of his personal rivals. At one stage, an edict of banishment was issued against him, but it was not carried out.
He preached his last sermon on February 2 and gave his last lecture on February 6, 1834. He died a few days later from inflammation of the lungs. His death stirred the populace of the whole city; Leopold von Ranke, a renowned historian, estimated that there were 20,000 to 30,000 people in the long funeral procession through the streets of Berlin. Schleiermacher was buried in the cemetery of Dreifaltigkeitskirche.
Schleiermacher’s thought continued to influence theology throughout the 19th century and the early part of the 20th. Between about 1925 and 1955 it was under severe attack by followers of neoorthodox theology (founded by Karl Barth and Emil Brunner) as leading away from the gospel toward a religion based on human culture. Since then, however, there...
Friedrich Schleiermacher, filósofo alemán del siglo XIX, fue un pensador revolucionario que desafió las concepciones tradicionales de la filosofía. Su obra abarcó una amplia gama de temas, desde la religión y la ética hasta la hermenéutica y la teología.
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher ( German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʃlaɪɐˌmaxɐ]; 21 November 1768 – 12 February 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity.
Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (21 de noviembre de 1768 - 12 de febrero de 1834) fue un teólogo, filósofo y erudito bíblico reformado alemán conocido por su intento de reconciliar las críticas a la Ilustración con el cristianismo protestante tradicional.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo exponer la actualidad del método hermenéutico de Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834) y mostrar su pertinencia para las investigaciones en el campo de las ciencias humanas.
Filósofo y teólogo romántico alemán iniciador de la hermenéutica. Nació en Breslau y estudió en Halle. Como sacerdote vivió en diversas ciudades hasta instalarse en...
