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The Qing dynasty (/ tʃ ɪ ŋ / ching), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty, proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636, seized control of Beijing in 1644, which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule.
- Dinastía Qing
La dinastía Qing ( pronunciado 'ching' / tɕʰíŋ /; chino: 清朝...
- History of the Qing dynasty
The history of the Qing dynasty began with the proclamation...
- Timeline of the Qing dynasty
Timeline of the Qing dynasty. The Qing Empire ca. 1820,...
- Military of the Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was established by conquest and...
- Dinastía Qing
La dinastía Qing ( pronunciado 'ching' / tɕʰíŋ /; chino: 清朝 W-G Ch'ing Ch'ao, PY Qīng Cháo ), oficialmente Gran Qing a ( chino: 大清; Dà Qīng ), o Estado del Gran Qing ( manchú: ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ Daicing Gurun ), también llamado Imperio Qing o dinastía manchú, fue la última dinastía imperial china, que gobernó el actual país entre los años 1644 y 1912.
- Formation of The Manchu State
- Claiming The Mandate of Heaven
- Kangxi Emperor's Reign and Consolidation
- Reigns of The Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors
- Rebellion, Unrest and External Pressure
- Self-Strengthening and The Frustration of Reforms
- Reform, Revolution, Collapse
Overview
The Qing dynasty was founded not by Han Chinese, who constitute the majority of the Chinese population, but by the Manchu, descendants of a sedentary farming people known as the Jurchen, a Tungusic people who lived around the region now comprising the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang. The Manchus are sometimes mistaken for a nomadic people, which they were not. Early European writers had used the term "Tartar" indiscriminately for all the peoples of Northern Eurasia but in the 17th...
Nurhaci
What was to become the Manchu state was founded by Nurhaci, the chieftain of a minor Jurchen tribe – the Aisin Gioro – in Jianzhou in the early 17th century. Nurhaci may have spent time in a Chinese household in his youth, and became fluent in Chinese as well as Mongol, and read the Chinese novels Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. As a vassal of the Ming emperors who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial power of the M...
Hong Taiji
The unbroken series of Nurhaci's military successes ended in January 1626 when he was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan while laying siege to Ningyuan. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son, Hong Taiji, who emerged as the new Khan after a short political struggle amongst other contenders . Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet...
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643. As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have a clear succession system. The leading contenders for power were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji's half brother Dorgon. A compromise installed Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fuli...
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his ...
The reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1723–1735) and his son, the Qianlong Emperor(r. 1735–1796), marked the height of Qing power. During this period, the Qing Empire ruled over 13 million square kilometres (5 million square miles) of territory. Yet, as historian Jonathan Spence puts it, the empire by the end of the Qianlong reign was "like the s...
At the start of the dynasty, the Chinese empire continued to be the hegemonic power in East Asia. Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations, the Lifan Yuan was responsible for relations with the Mongol and Tibetans in Central Asia, while the tributary system, a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming, in theo...
Yet the dynasty rallied. Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt Western military technology in orde...
By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun in China, and it was growing continuously. To overcome such problems, Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing Reform". The ed...
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was a Manchu-led imperial Chinese dynasty and the last imperial dynasty of China. It was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Shenyang in what is now Northeast China, but only captured Beijing and succeeded the Ming dynasty in China proper in 1644.
PortraitTitle Emperor (lifespan)Reign Duration In Years And DaysReign Duration In Years And Days1Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 (1559–1626)17 February 161630 September 16261Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 (1559–1626)10 years and 226 days10 years and 226 days2Hong Taiji [note 3] 皇太極 ...20 October 162615 May 16362Hong Taiji [note 3] 皇太極 ...9 years and 111 days9 years and 111 daysHace 4 días · Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese minorities within the empire were Sinicized ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Timeline of the Qing dynasty. The Qing Empire ca. 1820, marked the time when the Qing began to rule these areas. Qing dynasty in 1820. Includes provincial boundaries and the boundaries of modern China for reference. This is a timeline of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was established by conquest and maintained by armed force. The founding emperors personally organized and led the armies, and the continued cultural and political legitimacy of the dynasty depended on their ability to defend the country from invasion and expand its territory.
