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The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914, which led to the outbreak of World War I.
The July crisis of 1914 was a chain reaction of events that led to declarations of war by the Great Powers of Europe. The murder of an Austro-Hungarian royal sparked an immediate response from Vienna.
- Introduction↑
- The Assassination↑
- Reactions to The Assassination↑
- The Hoyos-Mission↑
- Planning The Ultimatum↑
- The Ultimatum and Mediation Attempts↑
- Conclusion↑
Explaining how Europe plunged into the First World War has been a difficult challenge which has divided historians for over a hundred years and continues to be controversial. Some of the latest publications on the origins of the war in general, and the July Crisis in particular, re-opened the debate on the origins of the war on the eve of the cente...
A general European war would need a trigger, and this was provided by the murder of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1863-1914) and his wife Sophie, Archduchess of Austria (1868-1914) in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The assassination, carried out by Bosnian Serb nationalists, has o...
According to The Times in London, the assassination of the Archduke “has produced horror and consternation throughout Europe”. George V, King of Great Britain (1865-1936) ordered a week’s mourning at court, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia (1868-1918) and his foreign minister conveyed heart-felt regrets to Vienna, and in Berlin, Wilhelm II, German Em...
However, early in the crisis Austria-Hungary could not be certain how Germany would act in the event of an Austrian-Serbian war. Therefore, an envoy was despatched to ascertain Berlin’s position. On 5 July, Count Alexander von Hoyos (1876-1937) arrived in the German capital with a memorandum and a letter by KaiserFranz Joseph which explained the Au...
Berlin’s promise of support enabled the Viennese government to plan its next steps against Serbia. This occurred in an important meeting of the Joint Council of Ministers on 7 July. All participants were aware of the fact that any action against Serbia could not only lead to a war with that country, but had the potential of escalating into a war ag...
Hopes that an amicable solution might be found were dashed at 6 p.m. on 23 July, when the Austrian Minister in Belgrade, Wladimir Giesl (1860-1936), delivered a forty-eight-hour ultimatum to the Serbian Foreign Ministry, timed carefully to ensure maximum inconvenience for France and Russia in particular, as the French President was known to be on t...
Historians have argued over the origins of the First World Warfor over a hundred years, and the July Crisis is a particularly controversial aspect of this long debate. The fact that in 1919 the victorious allies took the unusual step to attribute “war guilt” to Germany and its allies has resulted in a debate about the origins of the war that was fr...
La crisis de julio de 1914 fue una reacción en cadena de acontecimientos que llevaron a declaraciones de guerra por parte de las grandes potencias de Europa. El asesinato de un miembro de la realeza austrohúngara provocó una respuesta inmediata de Viena.
La crisis de julio fue un evento que tuvo lugar en los primeros meses del inicio de este conflicto bélico, y que desencadenó una serie de acontecimientos que condujeron a la guerra. En este artículo, exploraremos la Crisis de Julio, sus causas y cómo impactó en la Primera Guerra Mundial.
17 de abr. de 2024 · The July Crisis of 1914 describes the chain reaction of events that led to the outbreak of war in Europe. The timeline below lays out each event, with links to some individual articles where you can read in more detail.
7 de jul. de 2014 · The July Crisis. Why did the diplomatic deceits and deceptions that took place across Europe in the summer of 1914 lead to the First World War? Annika Mombauer seeks answers to one of history’s most complex and controversial questions.
