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The 1492 papal conclave was the first to be held in the Sistine Chapel, the site of all conclaves since 1878. A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. Catholics consider the pope to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and the earthly head of the Catholic Church.
The 1492 conclave was the first held in the Sistine Chapel of the Apostolic Palace, the site of all conclaves since 1878. All but five papal conclaves since 1455 have been held in the Apostolic Palace. The 1799–1800 papal conclave was held in San Giorgio Monastery in Venice, the last papal election site outside of Rome.
ElectionElected PopeLocationApostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine ...Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine ...Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine ...Apostolic Palace (Vatican City), Sistine ...- Overview
- History
papal conclave, (from Latin cum clave, “with a key”), in the Roman Catholic Church, the assembly of cardinals gathered to elect a new pope and the system of strict seclusion to which they submit.
The early history of papal elections remains unclear. There is some evidence that the early popes, including St. Peter, appointed their own successors, though this practice evidently failed to gain support. Subsequently the election of the bishop of Rome (the pope) mirrored the election process for bishops in other towns: the local clergy were the electors; neighbouring bishops acted as presidents of the assembly and judges of the election; and the laity indicated their approval or disapproval more or less tumultuously. Elections were sometimes challenged or disrupted; as early as 217, a schism occurred and rival popes were elected (see antipope). After the Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in the early 4th century, the emperor assumed a role in the election, often presiding over the process and at times imposing a candidate. In the 6th century the Byzantine emperor Justinian I asserted that the newly elected pope could not be consecrated until his election had been confirmed by the emperor. Two centuries later the Carolingian kings of the Franks, the preeminent power in Latin Christendom, replaced the Byzantine emperor as the secular authority who received formal notification of the results of papal elections, and Western rulers subsequently appropriated the rights and privileges assumed by Justinian and his successors. In the 10th and 11th centuries popes were appointed by Otto I and Henry III, respectively.
In the 11th century, when the entire church underwent reformation, the system of papal election was transformed. In 1059 Pope Nicholas II (1059–61) issued a decree that reformed the electoral procedure, limiting the role of the emperor. The election was to be carried out by the cardinal bishops with the assent of the cardinal priests and deacons and the acclamation of the people. Despite these reforms, papal elections in the 12th century continued to be turbulent affairs. In the 1130s and the 1160s and ’70s, schisms occurred as disputed elections led to the consecration of popes and antipopes. The Third Lateran Council (1179), which followed one of these schisms, made all cardinals electors and required a two-thirds majority to decide the election.
Nevertheless, abuses still occurred. When the cardinals failed to elect a pope for more than two years after the death of Clement IV (1265–68), the local magistrate locked the electors in the episcopal palace, removed the roof (subjecting the cardinals to the elements), and allowed the cardinals nothing but bread and water until they made their selection, Gregory X (1271–76). At the second Council of Lyon in 1274, Gregory promulgated a constitution that called for the cardinals to meet in closed conclave and imposed strict regulations to guide the election; Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) ordered this decree incorporated into canon law. Despite the wisdom and rigour of Gregory’s reform, papal elections continued to face difficulties in the 14th century. The most serious problem resulted in the Western Schism, when in 1378 two groups of cardinals elected rival popes, one residing in Avignon and the other in Rome, and a third group of cardinals, convening in Pisa in 1409, elected a third. The crisis caused by the schism was partially resolved by the reforms implemented at the Council of Constance (1414–18): the claims to the papacy of the Avignon pope, Benedict (XIII), and the pope selected by the Pisan cardinals, John (XXIII), were rejected, and each was branded a schismatic “antipope”; Gregory XII grudgingly resigned; and Martin V was elected to replace him.
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Electoral rules were further regularized in the 16th and 17th centuries. Pius IV (1559–65) codified all laws on the conclave that had been promulgated since the time of Gregory X. In 1591 Gregory XIV (1590–91) forbade, under penalty of excommunication, the placing of bets on the election of the pope, on the duration of the pope’s reign, and on the selection of new cardinals. Gregory XV (1621–23) issued legislation specifying in detail the procedure of the conclave.
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15 de mar. de 2013 · Behind Closed Doors: The Top 10 Papal Conclaves | History Today. Following the surprisingly quick election of the first non-European pope in a millennium, Alexander Lee recalls some of the more controversial papal conclaves. Alexander Lee | Published in 15 Mar 2013. Pope Innocent X, painted by Diego Velazquez circa 1650.
Historia. Así es el proceso de elección del papa. ¿Quién vota? ¿Qué son las fumatas y que significan? Esto es lo que debes saber sobre la sucesión papal. El Papa Francisco fue elegido tras cinco votaciones en el cónclave papal del 13 de marzo de 2013.
Desde entonces, el procedimiento de elección papal se ha ido modificando a lo largo de los siglos. En 1970, Pablo VI promulgó el motu proprio Ingravescentem aetatem, por el cual excluía del derecho de voto a los cardenales mayores de 80 años.
Cónclave Papal en la Capilla Sixtina ️ (Historia y Proceso) El cónclave papal. Una vez que un Papa muere o decide retirarse de sus funciones al frente del Vaticano, se produce la denominada Sede Vacante, por lo que los cardenales de la Santa Sede llevan a cabo un acto denominado Cónclave papal.
