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1209 fue un año común comenzado en jueves del calendario juliano. Acontecimientos. Se funda la Universidad de Cambridge. 27 de junio - Tratado de Valladolid, suscrito por los reyes Alfonso IX de León y Alfonso VIII de Castilla en la ciudad de Valladolid. Inocencio III aprueba la Orden Franciscana.
Year 1209 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1209 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1209th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 209th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 13th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1200s decade.
- Cathar Beliefs and Practices
- Background
- Military Campaigns
- Inquisition
- Legacy
- Further Reading
- External Links
The word "Cathar" is derived from the Greek word katharos, meaning "clean" or "pure." Partially derived from earlier forms of Gnosticism, the theology of the Cathars was dualistic, a belief in two equal and comparable transcendental principles: God, the force of good, and the demiurge, the force of evil. Cathars held that the physical world was evi...
Political and cultural background
Cathar theology found its greatest success in the Languedoc, a name eventually given to a region later incorporated into the French nation. An alternative name for the region is "Occitania." In the Languedoc, political control and land ownership was divided among many local lords and heirs. Before the crusade, there was little fighting in the area. Regions to the north were divided into separate polities, but all of them generally recognized themselves as part of the Kingdom of France. They s...
Growth of Catharism
The Cathars were part of a widespread spiritual reform movement in medieval Europe which began about 653 when Constantine-Silvanus brought a copy of the Gospels to Armenia. In the following centuries a number of dissenting groups arose, gathered around charismatic preachers, who rejected the authority of the Catholic Church. These groups based their beliefs and practices on the Gospels rather than on Church dogma and sought a return to the early church and the faith of the Apostles. They clai...
Prelude to crusade
On assuming the papacy in 1198, Pope Innocent III resolved to deal with the Cathars and sent a delegation of friars to the province of Languedoc to assess the situation. The Cathars of Languedoc were seen as not showing proper respect for the authority of the French king or the local Catholic Church, and their leaders were being protected by powerful nobles, who had a clear interest in independence from the king. At least in part for this reason, many powerful noblemen embraced Catharism desp...
Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225
Raymond VI, together with Raymond VII, returned to the region in April 1216 and soon raised a substantial force from disaffected towns. Beaucaire was besieged in May. After three months, the occupants were running low on supplies, and reached an agreement with Raymond to surrender the castle in exchange for being allowed to leave with their arms. The efforts of Montfort to relieve the town were repulsed. Innocent III died suddenly in July 1216 and the crusade was left in temporary disarray. T...
French royal intervention
In November 1225, the Council of Bourgesconvened to deal with the Cathar heresy. At the council, Raymond VII, like his father previously, was excommunicated. The council gathered a thousand churchmen to authorize a tax on their annual incomes, the "Albigensian tenth", to support the Crusade, though permanent reforms intended to fund the papacy in perpetuity foundered. Louis VIII headed the new crusade. He took the cross in January 1226. His army assembled at Bourges in May. While the exact nu...
With the military phase of the campaign against the Cathars now primarily at an end, the Inquisition was established under Pope Gregory IX in 1234 to uproot heretical movements, including the remaining Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, i...
Influence
According to Edward Peters, the violence of the Albigensian Crusade was not in line with the reforms and plans of Innocent, who stressed confession, reform of the clergy and laity, and pastoral teachings to oppose heresy.Peters maintains that the violence was due to the crusade being under the control of mobs, petty rulers, and local bishops who did not uphold Innocent's ideas. The uncontainable, prejudicial passion of local mobs and heresy hunters, the violence of secular courts, and the blo...
Genocide
Raphael Lemkin, who coined the word "genocide" in the 20th century, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive cases of genocide in religious history". Mark Gregory Pegg wrote, "The Albigensian Crusade ushered genocide into the West by linking divine salvation to mass murder, by making slaughter as loving an act as His sacrifice on the cross." Robert E. Lerner argued that Pegg's classification of the Albigensian Crusade as a genocide was inappropriate on the grounds th...
Lippiatt, G.E.M. (2017). Simon V of Montfort and Baronial Government, 1195–1218. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-880513-7.Mann, Judith (2002). The Trail of Gnosis: A Lucid Exploration of Gnostic Traditions. Gnosis Traditions Press. ISBN 1-4348-1432-7.Weis, René (2001). The Story of the Last Cathars' Rebellion Against the Inquisition, 1290–1329. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-027669-6.- July 1209 – 12 April 1229
- Crusader victory
La expedición militar de 1209 de la cruzada albigense, conocida como campaña relámpago, fue el episodio bélico con el que se inició la participación de cruzados de la Francia septentrional convocados por la predicación de la guerra santa del papa Inocencio III, contra los cátaros.
- primavera-verano de 1209
- Victoria cruzada
Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209. Catharism has been seen as giving women the greatest opportunities for independent action, since women were found as being believers as well as Perfecti, who were able to administer the sacrament of the consolamentum.
Massacre at Béziers, (21–22 July 1209). This brutal massacre was the first major battle in the Albigensian Crusade called by Pope Innocent III against the Cathars, a religious sect.
