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Ravensbrueck, Germany, Female prisoners performing forced labor. On March 9, 1933, several weeks after Hitler assumed power, the first organized attacks on German opponents of the regime and on Jews broke out across Germany. Less than two weeks later, Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, was opened. Situated near Munich, Dachau became a ...
Camps that had not been shut down were re-organised in line with the Dachau model, and any SA, police, or civilian guards were dismissed and replaced with SS soldiers. This section will explore how the SS developed the notorious Nazi concentration camps from 1934 onwards, who they imprisoned, and how the inmates lived.
The first German concentration camps were established in 1933 for the confinement of opponents of the Nazi Party—Communists and Social Democrats.Political opposition soon was enlarged to include minority groups, chiefly Jews, but by the end of World War II many Roma, homosexuals, and anti-Nazi civilians from the occupied territories had also been liquidated.
By 1939, six large concentration camps had been established. Besides Dachau, they were Sachsenhausen (1936), Buchenwald (1937), Flossenbürg (1938), Mauthausen (1938), and to house women prisoners, Ravensbrück (1939). Nazi persecution of political opponents exacted a terrible price in human suffering. Between 1933 and 1939, the criminal courts ...
Liberation. In 1944–1945, the Allied armies liberated the concentration camps. Tragically, deaths in the camps continued for several weeks after liberation. Some prisoners had already become too weak to survive. According to SS reports, there were more than 700,000 prisoners left in the camps in January 1945.
Nazi ideology also targeted Roma (Gypsy) women, Polish women, and women with disabilities living in institutions. Certain individual camps and certain areas within concentration camps were designated specifically for female prisoners. In May 1939, the SS opened Ravensbrück, the largest Nazi
In January 1945, the Third Reich stood on the verge of military defeat. As Allied forces approached Nazi camps, the SS organized death marches of concentration camp inmates, in part to keep large numbers of concentration camp prisoners from falling into Allied hands. The term "death march" was probably coined by concentration camp prisoners.
