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1 piaster overprint on 25-centime Type Sage, used at the French Post Office, Beirut in December 1885. Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and several other Christian powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered ...
The Franco-Ottoman alliance was crippled for a while however, due to Francis' official change of alliance at Nice in 1538. Open conflict between Charles and Francis would resume in 1542, as well as Franco-Ottoman collaboration, with the 4 July 1541 assassination by Imperial troops of the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire Antonio Rincon , as he was travelling through Italy near Pavia .
Francis I (left) and Suleiman the Magnificent (right) initiated a Franco-Ottoman alliance from the 1530s. Under the reign of Francis I, France became the first country in Europe to establish formal relations with the Ottoman Empire , and to set up instruction in the Arabic language , through the instruction of Guillaume Postel at the Collège de France .
Francis I (French: François Ier; Middle French: Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once removed and father-in-law Louis XII, who died without a legitimate son.
The alliance is likely to have formed first between Pepin the Short and al-Mansur, and later to have continued under Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid. These contacts followed the intense conflict between the Carolingians and the Emirate of Córdoba , marked by the Battle of Tours in 732, and were aimed at establishing a counter-alliance with the 'faraway' Abbasid Empire based in the Near East .
Within the context of a Franco-Ottoman alliance, and the obtention of special trading and diplomatic privileges between France and the Ottoman Empire since 1535–1536, François de Noailles endeavoured to maintain the diplomatic monopoly of France with the Ottoman Empire, in order to have economic and political leverage in the Mediterranean, against Spain and Italian city-states.
Attempts at forming a Habsburg–Persian alliance against the Ottoman Empire were first initiated by Charles V and Shah Ismail in 1516–19.. A Habsburg–Persian alliance (Persian: اتحاد ایران-هابسبورگ), Habsburg-Safavid alliance (اتحاد صفوی-هابسبورگ) or Habsburg-Iran alliance was attempted and to a certain extent achieved in the 16th century between the ...
