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Hace 3 días · 性质. 欧拉函数是 积性函数 。. 即对任意满足 的整数 ，有 。. 特别地，当 是奇数时 。. 证明参见 剩余系的复合 。. 利用 莫比乌斯反演 相关知识可以得出。. 也可以这样考虑：如果 ，那么 。. 如果我们设 表示 的数的个数，那么 。. 根据上面的证明，我们发现 ...
Hace 6 días · Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics. It focuses on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. These were once thought to have completely random states of disorder and irregularities. [1]
Hace 2 días · A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i2 = −1. In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends ...
Hace 2 días · t. e. Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational agents. [1] It has applications in many fields of social science, used extensively in economics as well as in logic, systems science and computer science. [2] Initially game theory addressed two-person zero-sum games, in which a participant's gains or ...
Hace 5 días · Crystal Field Theory was developed to describe important properties of complexes (magnetism, absorption spectra, oxidation states, coordination,). The basis of the model is the interaction of d-orbitals of a central atom with ligands, which are considered as point charges.
Hace 4 días · The Elo [a] rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. The Elo system was invented as an improved chess-rating system over the previously used Harkness system, [1] but is also used as a rating ...
Hace 5 días · The prime number race generalizes to other moduli and is the subject of much research; Pál Turán asked whether it is always the case that π(x;a,c) and π(x;b,c) change places when a and b are coprime to c. Granville and Martin give a thorough exposition and survey. Graph of the number of primes ending in 1, 3, 7, and 9 up to n for n < 10,000
