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Hace 3 días · The Thirty Years' War [j] was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of present-day Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
Hace 4 días · William III and the Defence of European Liberty. London, 1966; Childs, John. The Army, James II and the Glorious Revolution. Manchester University Press, 1980. online review –––. The British Army of William III 1698–1702. Manchester University Press, 1987. Clark, George. "The Character of the Nine Years War, 1688–97."
Hace 5 días · Maximilian I (born May 27, 1756, Mannheim, Palatinate [Germany]—died October 13, 1825, Munich, Bavaria) was the last Wittelsbach prince-elector of Bavaria (1799–1806) and first king of Bavaria (1806–25).
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Hace 3 días · John George also agreed to convince the two other Protestant electors, Frederick V of the Palatinate and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, to vote for Ferdinand. Ferdinand hired new troops against the Venetians and volunteers also joined his army. [83]
Hace 5 días · Prince-elector Karl Ludwig of the Palatinate—who was undeterred by the religious-philosophical polemics against the TTP and had also read several chapters of Spinoza’s work on Descartes according to French writer Urbain Chevreau (Spinoza 1802/3 I xxii) 12 —sought in 1673 to recruit Spinoza as a philosophy professor at the University of Heidelberg.
Letter from John III Vatatzes to the Pope, 1237. Ioannes Doukas, faithful-in-Christ basileus and autokrator of the Romans, to the Most Holy pope of elder Rome, Gregorios . . . When those who were sent by your Holiness approached my Imperial Majesty they gave me a letter, which they claimed was yours and insisted that it was addressed to me.
13 de may. de 2024 · Joseph Pronechen, September 12, 2019 – National Catholic Register. The year was 1683. The situation was dire. Turkish invaders from the Ottoman Empire were about to overrun Western Europe. European people everywhere — including the papal nuncio — implored and begged for help, turning to John III Sobieski, King of Poland.
