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Isabel Maria was born in Kleinheubach, Bavaria, Germany, the eldest daughter of the Miguelist pretender to the Portuguese throne Miguel Januário, Duke of Braganza and his second wife Princess Maria Theresa of Löwenstein.
Maria Isabel of Braganza (Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga; 19 May 1797 – 26 December 1818) was a Portuguese infanta who became Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Ferdinand VII.
- Early Life
- Upbringing
- Regent
- Abolitionism and Golden Law
- Exile
- Legacy
- Titles and Honors
- Genealogy
Birth
Isabel was born at 6:30 p.m. on 29 July 1846 in Rio de Janeiro's Paço de São Cristóvão (Palace of Saint Christopher). She was the daughter of Brazil's Emperor Pedro II and his wife Teresa Cristina. On 15 November the infant princess was baptized in an elaborate ceremony in Igreja da Glória (Church of Glory). Her godparents, both represented by proxy, were her uncle, King Ferdinand II of Portugal, and her maternal grandmother María Isabella of Spain.She was christened Isabel Cristina Leopoldin...
Heir to the throne
The early death of both of his sons had an enormous impact on Pedro II. Aside from his personal grief, the loss of his sons affected his future conduct as monarch and would determine the fate of the Empire. In the Emperor's eyes, the deaths of his children seemed to portend an eventual end of the Imperial system. The future of the monarchy as an institution no longer concerned him, as he increasingly saw his position as being nothing more than that of Head of State for his lifetime. The Emper...
Education
Isabel began her education on 1 May 1854, when she was taught how to read and write by a male instructor, who was openly republican. As the Portuguese (and later Brazilian) court tradition demanded, the heir of the throne was supposed to have an aio (supervisor, tutor or governess) in charge of his education once he achieved the age of seven. After a long search, Pedro II chose the Brazilian-born Luísa Margarida Portugal de Barros, the Countess of Barral, daughter of a Brazilian noble and wif...
Domestic life
Pedro II's behavior as a father was completely different as an emperor. A "man remarkable for his self-control, was at his most affectionate and most outgoing with children, above all his daughters." His daughters, "whom I love deeply", as Pedro II wrote in his diary in 1861, "both loved and admired him." He "was a strict father who demanded obedience", but who, at the same time, was very kind and concerned with his children.However, Pedro II "found difficult if not impossible" to grant intim...
Marriage
Isabel was short, had blue eyes, blond hair, was a little overweight and lacked eyebrows. Her father sought a match among the royal house of France, and initially Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre, the son of the Prince of Joinville, was considered. His mother was Isabel's aunt Princess Francisca of Brazil. Pierre, however, was not interested and declined. Instead, Joinville suggested his nephews, Gaston, Count of Eu, and Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as suitable choices for the impe...
First regency
Gaston and Isabel returned to Brazil on 1 May 1871, just three weeks before the Emperor and Empress embarked on their own tour of Europe. Isabel was appointed regent with full powers to govern Brazil in the Emperor's absence, though prime minister José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco, and Gaston were expected to hold the reins of power in reality. Following the abolition of slavery in the United States, Pedro II was committed to a gradual program of liberation. On 27 September 1871, with the...
Second regency
The Emperor embarked on a major tour of North America, Europe and the Middle East in March 1876, and Isabel was again made regent. Elections later in the year returned the incumbent government (led by the Duke of Caxias) but fraud and violence during the campaign damaged both its and Isabel's reputations. Her popularity also suffered as a result of continued tension between the Church and State. Adding to her stress, she miscarried on 11 September 1876, and was weakened by loss of blood. At t...
From November 1884 to March 1885, Isabel toured southern Brazil with her husband, and in January 1887, they left Brazil for a six-month visit to Europe. Their trip was cut short, however, as Pedro II fell ill in March, and they returned in early June. The Emperor was advised to seek medical help in Europe, as a result of which he left Brazil on 30 ...
Republican coup d'état
In August 1888, to Isabel's relief, Pedro II returned from Europe and her regency ended.Gaston wrote: With the Emperor ill and Isabel withdrawn from public life, no effort was made to capitalize on the public popularity engendered by the end of slavery. They had lost the support of slave-owning plantation owners, who held great political, economic and social power. Isabel was uninterested in politics and did not cultivate politicians or public support. Her religious zeal was distrusted, and i...
Later years
The imperial family arrived at Lisbon on 7 December 1889. Three weeks later, Isabel's mother died at Porto, while Isabel and her family were in southern Spain. Back in Portugal, Isabel fainted at her mother's lying in state. Further bad news came from Brazil, as the new government abolished the imperial family's allowances, their only substantial source of income, and declared the family banished. On the back of a large loan from a Portuguese businessman, the imperial family moved into the Ho...
Historian Roderick J. Barman wrote that "in the view of posterity, [Isabel] acted decisively only once on a single issue: the immediate abolition of slavery".It is for this achievement that she is remembered. As explained by Barman, paradoxically this "principal exercise of power by which posterity alone remembers her ... contributed to her exclusi...
Titles and styles
1. 29 July 1846 – 11 June 1847: Her HighnessThe Princess Dona Isabel of Brazil 2. 11 June 1847 – 19 July 1848: Her Imperial HighnessThe Princess Imperial 3. 19 July 1848 – 9 January 1850: Her HighnessThe Princess Dona Isabel of Brazil 4. 9 January 1850 – 14 November 1921: Her Imperial Highness The Princess Imperial 4.1. 15 October 1864 – 14 November 1921: signed her private letters as "Isabel, Condessa d'Eu" 4.2. 1871–72, 1876–77, 1887–88: Her Imperial HighnessThe Princess Imperial Regent The...
Honors
Princess Isabel was a recipient of the following Brazilian orders: 1. Grand Cross of the Order of Christ 2. Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 3. Grand Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword 4. Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross 5. Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I 6. Grand Cross of the Order of the Rose She was a recipient of the following foreign honors: 1. Band of the Spanish Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 2 January 1855 2. Band of the Portuguese Order of...
Issue
Isabel's marriage with Gaston produced three sons and one daughter. The eldest son, who was named after her father, as the firstborn son of the heiress presumptive, was given the title of Prince of Grão Pará. Isabel's children were: 1. Dona Luísa Vitória de Orléans e Bragança (1874–1874, stillborn) 2. Dom Pedro de Alcântara de Orléans e Bragança(1875–1940) 3. Dom Luíz de Orléans e Bragança(1878–1920) 4. Dom Antônio de Orléans e Bragança(1881–1918)
Prince Dom António (1795-1801); Princess Dona Maria Isabel (1797-1818), Queen of Spain, by her marriege, in 1816, with her uncle D. Fernando VII, King of Spain.
María Isabel of Braganza was born in Lisbon on 19 May 1797, daughter of John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain. She became queen of Spain when she married her uncle, Ferdinand VII, on 28 September 1816 and became his second wife. She died during childbirth in Aranjuez on 26 December 1818.
Princess Isabel, as regent of Brazil, was the only woman to have served as chief of state in Latin America in the 19th century, and to have held immense political power.
Princess of Braganza. Name variations: Isabel de Barcelos. Born in October 1402; died on October 26, 1465, in Arévalo; daughter of Alphonso, duke of Braganza, and Beatriz Pereira (c. 1380–1412), countess of Barcellos; married Joao or John of Portugal, grand master of Santiago, on November 11, 1424; children: Diego (b. 1426); Isabel of ...
