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Based on demographic data, historian Pierre van der Eng estimated a demographic gap of around 2.4 million people in Indonesia during the entire 1940s, including the period of the Japanese invasion and occupation during WW2, and the Indonesian National Revolution.
- 17 August 1945 – 27 December 1949, (4 years, 4 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Indonesia - Colonialism, Revolution, Independence: Indonesian nationalism in the 20th century must be distinguished from earlier movements of protest; the Padri War, the Java War, and the many smaller examples of sporadic agrarian unrest had been “prenationalistic” movements, the products of local grievances. By contrast, the nationalism of ...
- Background
- Independence Declared
- Allied Counter Revolution
- Diplomacy and Military Offensives
- Internal Turmoil
- Transfer of Sovereignty
- Impacts
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Indonesian nationalism and movements supporting independence from Dutch colonialism, such as Budi Utomo, the Indonesian National Party (PNI), Sarekat Islam, and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), grew rapidly in the first half of the twentieth century. Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam, and others, pursued strategies of cooperation by joining the Dutch ...
Under pressure from radical and politicized pemuda("youth") groups, Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence, on August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese Emperor’s surrender in the Pacific. The following day, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) declared Sukarno President, and Hatta Vice President.
Dutch opposition to independence
The Dutch accused Sukarno and Hatta of collaborating with the Japanese, and denounced the Republic as a creation of Japanese fascism. The Dutch East Indies administration had just received a ten million dollar loan from the United Statesto finance its return to Indonesia.
Allied occupation
The Netherlands, however, was critically weakened from World War II in Europe and did not return as a significant military force until early 1946. The Japanese and members of the Allied forces reluctantly agreed to act as caretakers. As U.S. forces were focusing on the Japanese home islands, the archipelago was put under the jurisdiction of British Admiral Earl Louis Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander in Southeast Asia. Allied enclaves already existed in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo),...
Battle of Surabaya
The Battle of Surabaya was the heaviest single battle of the Revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance. Pemuda groups in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, seized arms and ammunition from the Japanese and set up two new organizations; the Indonesia National Committee (KNI) and the People's Security Council (BKR). By the time the Allied forces arrived at the end of October 1945, the pemudafoothold in Surabaya city was described a strong unified fortress. In...
Linggarjati Agreement
The Linggarjati Agreement, brokered by the British and concluded in November 1946, saw the Netherlands recognize the Republic as the de-facto authority over Java, Madura, and Sumatra. Both parties agreed to the formation of the United States of Indonesia by January 1, 1949, a semi-autonomous federal state with the Queen of the Netherlands as its head. The Republican-controlled Java and Sumatra would be one of its states, alongside areas that were generally under stronger Dutch influence: Sout...
"Police action"
The Dutch launched a major military offensive at midnight on July 20, 1947, with the intent of conquering the Republic. Claiming violations of the Linggajati Agreement, the Dutch described the campaign as Politionele acties("police actions") to restore law and order. Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) drove Republican troops out of parts of Sumatra, and East and West Java. The Republicans were confined to the Yogyakarta region of Java. To maintain their force in Java, now numbering 100...
Renville Agreement
The United Nations Security Council brokered the Renville Agreement in an attempt to rectify the collapsed Linggarjati Agreement. The agreement was ratified in January 1948, and recognized a cease-fire along the so-called "van Mook line;" an artificial line which connected up the most advanced Dutch positions. Many Republican positions, however, were still held behind the Dutch lines. The agreement also required referenda to be held on the political future of the Dutch held areas. The apparen...
Social revolutions
The so-called "social revolutions" following the independence proclamation were challenges to the Dutch-established Indonesian social order, and to some extent a result of the resentment of Japanese-imposed policies. Across the country, people rose up against traditional aristocrats and village heads and attempted to exert popular ownership of land and other resources. The majority of the social revolutions ended quickly; in most cases the challenges to the social order were quashed. A cultur...
Communist and Islamist insurgencies
On September 18, 1948, an "Indonesian Soviet Republic" was declared in Madiun, east of Yogyakarta, by members of the PKI and the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI). Judging the times as right for a proletarian uprising, they intended it to be a rallying center for revolt against "Sukarno-Hatta, the slaves of the Japanese and America." Madiun, however, was won back by Republican forces within a few weeks and their leader, Musso, was killed. RM Suryo, the governor of East Java, several police off...
The resilience of Indonesian Republican resistance and active international diplomacy set world opinion against the Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony. The second "police action" was a diplomatic disaster for the Dutch cause. The newly appointed United States Secretary of State Dean Achesonpushed the Netherlands government into negotiations...
Although there is no accurate account of how many Indonesians died, they died in far greater numbers than their enemies, and many died at the hands of other Indonesians. Estimates of Indonesian deaths in fighting range from 45,000 to 100,000 and civilian casualties exceeded 25,000 and may have been as high as 100,000. A total of 1,200 British soldi...
Anderson, Ben. Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944-1946. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972. ISBN 0801406870.Cribb, Robert. Gangster and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945-1949, Sydney. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1991. ISBN 0043012965.Frederick, William H. Visions and Heat: The Making of the Indonesian Revolution. Athebs, OH: Ohio University Press, 1989. ISBN 0821409069.Friend, Theodore. Indonesian Destinies. Cambridge, MT: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0674018346.All links retrieved March 2, 2018. 1. Indonesian War of Independence GlobalSecurity.org 2. Indonesian National Revolution OnWar.com
The Sukarela Tentara Pembela Tanah Air (Peta; “Volunteer Army of Defenders of the Homeland”) would become the core military force of the Indonesian revolution. In March 1944 the Japanese, feeling that Putera served Indonesian rather than Japanese interests, replaced it with a “people’s loyalty organization” called Djawa Hokokai, which ...
9 de abr. de 2024 · Only two days after Japan capitulated, young Indonesians proclaimed their independence. It took 4 1/2 years before they got it in '49, but it was an incredible movement of young people starting...
After the end of Japanese occupation, roughly 3,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers chose to remain in Indonesia and fight alongside local people against the Dutch colonists in the Indonesian National Revolution; roughly one-third were killed, of whom many are buried in the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, while another third chose to ...
Indonesian youths had played an important role in the proclamation, and they played a central role in the Indonesian National Revolution. One of the other changes that had also taken place during the Japanese occupation included the population in Indonesia undertaking military training.
