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Christianity, which originated in the Middle East during the 1st century AD, [27] is a significant minority religion within the region, characterized by the diversity of its beliefs and traditions, compared to Christianity in other parts of the Old World. Christians now make up approximately 5% of the Middle Eastern population, down from 13% in ...
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Christianity in the 10th century. By the 10th century, Christianity had spread throughout much of Europe and Asia. The Church in England was becoming well established, with its scholarly monasteries, and the Roman Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church were continuing their separation, ultimately culminating in the Great Schism .
Christianity in Gaul. Gaul was an important early center of Latin Christianity during late antiquity and the Merovingian period . By the middle of the 3rd century, there were several churches organized in Roman Gaul, and soon after the cessation of persecution, the bishops of the Latin world assembled at Arles in AD 314.
Cicero (1st century BC) asserted that liberty “does not consist in having a just master (dominus), but in having none.” [50] The common Latin word for "slave" was servus , [b] but in Roman law , a slave as chattel was mancipium , [51] a grammatically neuter word [52] meaning something "taken in hand," manus , a metaphor for possession and hence control and subordination. [53]
A hierarchy within Pauline Christianity seems to have developed by the late 1st century and early second century. [65] (see Pastoral Epistles , c. 90–140 [65] ) Robert Williams posits that the "origin and earliest development of episcopacy and monepiscopacy and the ecclesiastical concept of (apostolic) succession were associated with crisis situations in the early church."
The Catholic Church officially concluded this debate at the Council of Constance (1414–1417). The conclave condemned Jan Hus, who was executed by burning in spite of a promise of safe-conduct. At the command of Pope Martin V, Wycliffe was posthumously exhumed and burned as a heretic twelve years after his burial.
