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Constantino XI Dragases Paleólogo o Dragaš Paleólogo (en griego: Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, romanizado: Kōnstantinos Dragasēs Palaiologos; 8 de febrero de 1405-29 de mayo de 1453) fue el último emperador romano de Oriente desde 1449 hasta su muerte en 1453.
- Kōnstantínos Dragásēs Palaiológos
- Juan VIII Paleólogo
- Κωνσταντίνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος
- Tomás Paleólogo
Constantino XI Paleólogo (ás veces numerado Constantino XII ou Constantino XIII), tamén coñecido como Constantino Dragases, nado en Constantinopla o 8 de febreiro de 1404 e finado na mesma cidade o 29 de maio de 1453, foi o último emperador reinante do Imperio Bizantino desde 1449 ata a súa morte.
- Early Life
- Despot of The Morea
- Reign as Emperor
- Fall of Constantinople
- Legacy
- See Also
- References
Family and background
Constantine Dragases Palaiologos was born on 8 February 1404[c] as the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos (r. 1391–1425), the eighth emperor of the Palaiologos dynasty. Manuel's mother, Helena (1333–1396), came from the House of Kantakouzenos. Constantine's mother (from whom he took his second last name) was Helena Dragaš, member of the powerful House of Dragaš and daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. Constantine is frequently described as Porphyrogénnētos("born in the pur...
Early career
After an unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1422, Manuel II suffered a stroke and was left paralyzed in one side of his body. He lived for another three years, but the empire's government was effectively in the hands of Constantine's brother John. Thessaloniki was also under siege by the Ottomans; to prevent it from falling into their hands, John gave the city to the Republic of Venice. As Manuel II had once hoped years ago, John hoped to rally support from Western Europe, and he...
Early rule in the Morea
The transfer of Tocco's conquered Moreot territories to Constantine complicated the Morea's government structure. Since his brother Theodore refused to step down as despot, the despotate became governed by two members of the imperial family for the first time since its creation in 1349. Soon thereafter, the younger Thomas (aged 19) was also appointed as a third Despot of the Morea, which meant that the nominally undivided despotate had effectively disintegrated into three smaller principaliti...
Second tenure as regent
In March 1432, Constantine, possibly desiring to be closer to Mystras, made a new territorial agreement (presumably approved by Theodore and John VIII) with Thomas. Thomas agreed to cede his fortress Kalavryta to Constantine, who made it his new capital, in exchange for Elis, which Thomas made his new capital. Relationships between the three despots eventually soured. John VIII had no sons to succeed him and it was thus assumed that his successor would be one of his four surviving brothers (A...
Second marriage and Ottoman threats
Despite having been relieved of his duties as regent upon John's return, Constantine stayed in the capital for the rest of 1440. He may have stayed in order to find a suitable wife, wishing to remarry since it had been more than ten years since Theodora's death. He decided on Caterina Gattilusio, daughter of Dorino I Gattilusio, the Genoese lord of the island Lesbos. Sphrantzes was sent to Lesbos in December 1440 to propose and arrange the marriage. In late 1441, Constantine sailed to Lesbos...
Accession to the throne
Theodore, once Despot of the Morea, died in June 1448 and on 31 October that same year, John VIII Palaiologos died in Constantinople. Compared to his other living brothers, Constantine was the most popular of the Palaiologoi, both in the Morea and in the capital.[better source needed] It was well known that John's favored successor was Constantine and ultimately, the will of Helena Dragaš (who also preferred Constantine), prevailed in the matter. Both Thomas, who appeared to have had no inten...
Initial concerns
One of Constantine's most pressing concerns was the Ottomans. One of his first acts as emperor, just two weeks after arriving in the capital, was to attempt to secure the empire by arranging a truce with Murad II. He sent an ambassador, Andronikos Iagaris, to the sultan. Iagaris was successful, and the agreed-upon truce also included Constantine's brothers in the Morea to secure the province from further Ottoman attacks. In order to remove his rebellious brother Demetrios from the capital and...
Search for allies
Shortly after Murad II's death, Constantine was quick to send envoys to the new Sultan Mehmed II in an attempt to arrange a new truce. Mehmed supposedly received Constantine's envoys with great respect and put their minds to rest through swearing by Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, the Quran, and the angels and archangelsthat he would live in peace with the Byzantines and their emperor for the rest of his life. Constantine was unconvinced and suspected that Mehmed's mood could abruptly change in...
Siege
An Ottoman fleet attempted to get into the Golden Horn while Mehmed began bombarding Constantinople's land walls. Foreseeing this possibility, Constantine had constructed a massive chain laid across the Golden Horn which prevented the fleet's passage. The chain was only lifted temporarily a few days after the siege began to allow the passage of three Genoese ships sent by the papacy and a large ship with food sent by Alfonso V of Aragon and Naples. The arrival of these ships on 20 April, and...
Final days and final assault
The Byzantines observed strange and ominous signs in the days leading up to the final Ottoman assault on the city. On 22 May, there was a lunar eclipse for three hours, harkening to a prophecy that Constantinople would fall when the moon was on wane. In order to encourage the defenders, Constantine commanded that the icon of Mary, the city's protector, was to be carried in a procession through the streets. The procession was abandoned when the icon slipped from its frame and the weather turne...
Death
Constantine died the day Constantinople fell. There were no known surviving eyewitnesses to the death of the emperor and none of his entourage survived to offer any credible account of his death. The Greek historian Michael Critobulus, who later worked in the service of Mehmed, wrote that Constantine died fighting the Ottomans. Later Greek historians accepted Critobulus's account, never doubting that Constantine died as a hero and martyr, an idea never seriously questioned in the Greek-speaki...
Historiography
Constantine's death marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, an institution tracing its origin to Constantine the Great's foundation of Constantinople as the Roman Empire's new capital in 330. Even as their realm gradually became more restricted to only Greek-speaking lands, the people of the Byzantine Empire continually maintained that they were Romaioi (Romans), not Hellenes (Greeks); as such, Constantine's death also marked the definitive end of the Roman Empire that was founded by Augustus...
Legends of Constantine's family
Constantine's two marriages were brief and though he had attempted to find a third wife before the Fall of Constantinople, he died unmarried and without children. His closest surviving relatives were his surviving brothers in the Morea: Thomas and Demetrios. Despite this, there was a persistent story that Constantine had left a widow and several daughters. The earliest documented evidence of this idea can be found in a letter by Aeneas Silvius (the future Pope Pius II) to Pope Nicholas V, dat...
Lamentations
The Fall of Constantinople shocked Christians throughout Europe. In Orthodox Christianity, Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia became symbols of lost grandeur. In the Russian Nestor Iskander tale, the foundation of Constantinople (the New Rome) by Constantine the Great and its loss under an emperor by the same name was not seen as a coincidence, but as the fulfilling of the city's destiny, just as Old Rome had been founded by Romulus and lost under Romulus Augustulus. Andronikos Kallistos, a...
Cited bibliography
1. Barker, John W. (1969). Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813505824. 2. Carr, John C. (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. East Yorkshire: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78383-116-6. 3. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. p. 505. 4. Carroll, Margaret (2017). "Constantine XI Palaeologus; some problems of image". In Moffatt, Ann (ed.)...
Cited web sources
1. Harris, Jonathan (2019). "19.01.05 Philippides, Constantine XI Dragaš Palaeologus". The Medieval Review. Retrieved 24 June 2020. 2. "29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν "η Πόλις εάλω..." [29 May 1453: When the City Fell...]. iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Constantino XI Dragases Paleólogo o Dragaš Paleólogo fue el último emperador romano de Oriente desde 1449 hasta su muerte en 1453. Esta fecha marcó la caída final del Imperio, el cual remontaba su origen a la fundación de Constantinopla por Constantino I el Grande como nueva capital del Imperio romano en 330.
La familia Paleólogo (en griego: Παλαιολόγος, plural. Παλαιολόγοι) fue la última dinastía reinante en el Imperio Romano de Oriente. Tras la Cuarta Cruzada, varios miembros de la familia huyeron a Nicea donde se hicieron con un imperio en el exilio en dicha ciudad.
Constantino XI Paleólogo. Mucho es lo que puede decirse del último representante de la dinastía de los Paleólogos, del último emperador bizantino, del último emperador romano. No era un emperador más, era un habitante del Peloponeso, un hombre nacido y educado en un ambiente de libertad, donde renacía el Helenismo, donde los ...
La caída de Constantinopla en manos de los turcos otomanos, ocurrida el 29 de mayo de 1453 (de acuerdo con el calendario juliano vigente en esa época), fue un hecho histórico que puso fin al último vestigio del Imperio bizantino y que, en la periodización clásica y según algunos historiadores, marcó también el fin de la Edad Media en Europa .
