Resultado de búsqueda
缅甸联邦共和国 （ 緬甸語 ： ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ），通称 缅甸 （ 緬甸語 ： မြန်မာ ） [4] ，是一個位於 中南半島 西部的 單一制 共和國 （僅是國名取自 聯邦 ），亦為 東南亞國家聯盟 成員國，人口約5,567万（世界排名第26位 [5] ），首都為 奈比多 （2005年以前設於最大城市 仰光 ）。 缅甸南临 安达曼海 ，西南濒 孟加拉湾 ， 海岸线 总长2832公里，佔国境线总长约二分之一；西北紧靠 印度 和 孟加拉 ，东北接壤 中华人民共和国 ，东南緊鄰 泰國 与 寮國 ，國土面积约67.65万平方公里，是世界上第40大国家、东南亚第二大国，森林覆盖率超过50% [6] 。 名称由来. “缅”是缅族人的 书面语 自称。
- Early History
- Bagan Dynasty
- Small Kingdoms
- Konbaung Dynasty
- British Rule
- World War II
- Following World War II
- Independent Myanmar
- See Also
- References and Further Reading
Prehistory
The earliest archaeological evidence suggests that cultures existed in Burma as early as 11,000 BCE. Most indications of early settlement have been found in the central dry zone, where scattered sites appear in close proximity to the Irrawaddy River. The Anyathian, Burma's Stone Age, existed at a time thought to parallel the lower and middle Paleolithic in Europe. The Neolithic or New Stone Age, when plants and animals were first domesticated and polished stone tools appeared, is evidenced in...
Pyu city-states
The Pyu entered the Irrawaddy valley from present-day Yunnan, c. 2nd century BCE, and went on to found city-states throughout the Irrawaddy valley. The original home of the Pyu is reconstructed to be Qinghai Lake in present-day Qinghai and Gansu. The Pyu were the earliest inhabitants of Burma of whom records are extant. During this period, Burma was part of an overland trade route from China to India. Trade with India brought Buddhism from South India. By the 4th century, many in the Irrawadd...
Mon kingdoms
According to the colonial era scholarship, as early as the 6th century, another people called the Mon began to enter the present-day Lower Burma from the Mon kingdoms of Haribhunjaya and Dvaravati in modern-day Thailand. By the mid 9th century, the Mon had founded at least two small kingdoms (or large city-states) centred around Bago and Thaton. The earliest external reference to a Mon kingdom in Lower Burma was in 844–848 by Arab geographers.But recent research shows that there is no evidenc...
Early Bagan
The Burmans who had come down with the early 9th Nanzhao raids of the Pyu states remained in Upper Burma. (Trickles of Burman migrations into the upper Irrawaddy valley might have begun as early as the 7th century.) In the mid-to-late 9th century, Pagan was founded as a fortified settlement along a strategic location on the Irrawaddy near the confluence of the Irrawaddy and its main tributary the Chindwin River. It may have been designed to help the Nanzhao pacify the surrounding countryside....
Pagan Empire
Over the next 30 years, Anawrahta founded the Pagan Kingdom, unifying for the first time the regions that would later constitute the modern-day Burma. Anawrahta's successors by the late 12th century had extended their influence farther south into the upper Malay Peninsula, at least to the Salween River in the east, below the current China border in the farther north, and to the west, northern Arakan and the Chin Hills. The Burmese Chronicles claim Pagan's suzerainty over the entire Chao Phray...
After the fall of Pagan, the Mongols left the searing Irrawaddy valley but the Pagan Kingdom was irreparably broken up into several small kingdoms. By the mid-14th century, the country had become organised along four major power centres: Upper Burma, Lower Burma, Shan States and Arakan. Many of the power centres were themselves made up of (often lo...
Reunification
Soon after the fall of Ava, a new dynasty rose in Shwebo to challenge the authority of Hanthawaddy. Over the next 70 years, the highly militaristic Konbaung dynasty went on to create the largest Burmese empire, second only to the empire of Bayinnaung. By 1759, King Alaungpaya's Konbaung forces had reunited all of Burma (and Manipur), extinguished the Mon-led Hanthawaddy dynasty once and for all, and driven out the European powers who provided arms to Hanthawaddy—the French from Thanlyin and t...
Wars with Siam and China
The kingdom then went to war with the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which had occupied up the Tanintharyi coast to Mottama during the Burmese civil war (1740–1757), and had provided shelter to the Mon refugees. By 1767, the Konbaung armies had subdued much of Laos and defeated Siam. But they could not finish off the remaining Siamese resistance as they were forced to defend against four invasions by Qing China (1765–1769).While the Burmese defences held in "the most disastrous frontier war the Qing dyna...
Westward expansion and wars with British Empire
Faced with a powerful China in the northeast and a resurgent Siam in the southeast, King Bodawpaya turned westward for expansion. He conquered Arakan in 1785, annexed Manipur in 1814, and captured Assam in 1817–1819, leading to a long ill-defined border with British India. Bodawpaya's successor King Bagyidaw was left to put down British instigated rebellions in Manipur in 1819 and Assam in 1821–1822. Cross-border raids by rebels from the British protected territories and counter-cross-border...
Britain made Burma a province of India in 1886 with the capital at Rangoon. Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to a s...
Some Burmese nationalists saw the outbreak of World War II as an opportunity to extort concessions from the British in exchange for support in the war effort. Other Burmese, such as the Thakin movement, opposed Burma's participation in the war under any circumstances. Aung San co-founded the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) with other Thakins in Augu...
The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma and demands to try Aung San for his involvement in a murder during military operations in 1942. Lord Mountbatten realised that this was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal. After the war ended, the British Governor, Sir Reginald Dorman-Smithreturned. The res...
1948–1962
The first years of Burmese independence were marked by successive insurgencies by the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe, the White Flag Communists led by Thakin Than Tun, the Yebaw Hpyu or (White Band) People's Volunteer Organisation led by Bo La Yaung, a member of the Thirty Comrades, army rebels calling themselves the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA) led by Communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut – all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades, Arakanese Muslims or the M...
1962–1988
On 2 March 1962, Ne Win, with sixteen other senior military officers, staged a coup d'état, arrested U Nu, Sao Shwe Thaik and several others, and declared a socialist state to be run by their Union Revolutionary Council. Sao Shwe Thaik's son, Sao Mye Thaik, was shot dead in what was generally described as a "bloodless" coup. Thibaw Sawbwa Sao Kya Seng[citation needed] also disappeared mysteriously after being stopped at a checkpoint near Taunggyi. A number of protests followed the coup, and i...
Crisis and the 1988 Uprising
Ne Win retired as president in 1981, but remained in power as Chairman of the BSPP until his sudden unexpected announcement to step down on 23 July 1988.In the 1980s, the economy began to grow as the government relaxed restrictions on foreign aid, but by the late 1980s falling commodity prices and rising debt led to an economic crisis. This led to economic reforms in 1987–1988 that relaxed socialist controls and encouraged foreign investment. This was not enough, however, to stop growing turm...
Aung-Thwin, Michael, and Maitrii Aung-Thwin. A history of Myanmar since ancient times: Traditions and transformations (Reaktion Books, 2013) online.
9 de abr. de 2024 · 缅甸联邦共和国 （ 缅甸语 ： ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ），通称 缅甸 （ 缅甸语 ： မြန်မာ ） [4] ，是一个位于 中南半岛 西部的 单一制 共和国 （仅是国名取自 联邦 ），亦为 东南亚国家联盟 成员国，人口约5,567万（世界排名第26位 [5] ），首都为 内比都 （2005年以前设于最大城市 仰光 ）。 缅甸南临 安达曼海 ，西南濒 孟加拉湾 ， 海岸线 总长2832公里，占国境线总长约二分之一；西北紧靠 印度 和 孟加拉 ，东北接壤 中华人民共和国 ，东南紧邻 泰国 与 老挝 ，国土面积约67.65万平方公里，是世界上第40大国家、东南亚第二大国，森林覆盖率超过50% [6] 。 名称由来 [ 编辑] “缅”是缅族人的 书面语 自称。
9 de abr. de 2024 · 此條目介紹的是一個亞洲國家。 关于緬甸 軍政府 的最高領導機構，请见「 國家管理委員會 」。 关于為應對 政變 而成立的平行 文人 政府，请见「 民族团结政府 (缅甸) 」。 坐标 ：19°45′N 96°6′E. 缅甸联邦共和国 （ 緬甸語 ： ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ），通称 缅甸 （ 緬甸語 ： မြန်မာ ） [4] ，是一個位於 中南半島 西部的 單一制 共和國 （僅是國名取自 聯邦 ），亦為 東南亞國家聯盟 成員國，人口約5,567万（世界排名第26位 [5] ），首都為 奈比多 （2005年以前設於最大城市 仰光 ）。
编. 缅甸历史概論 ： 根據考古發掘的證據，人類在緬甸定居的時間至少已有13,000年。. 公元10世紀起 緬族 、 孟族 等族建立起結合 印度教 與 佛教 之王朝。. 緬甸經歷 蒲甘 ， 東吁 （東固）等王朝，到19世紀末最後的王朝貢榜滅亡。. 19世紀末至 太平洋戰 ...
缅甸民族 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书. 目录. 序言. 八大族群. 民族列表. 参考. 缅甸民族. 缅甸 是个 民族 众多的国家。 获得 缅甸政府 承认的民族（ 緬甸語 ： လီဆူ ， 缅甸语委转写 ： lisu: ）有135个。 未获政府承认的民族有 缅甸华人 （ 果敢华人 除外，占缅甸总人口的2.5%）、 印裔缅甸人 （占1.25%）、 罗兴亚人 等。 未獲政府承認的民族无法拿到象征缅甸公民身份的粉卡，而只能得到代表其他身份的蓝卡或外侨证，這些人在就业、升学等方面受到与其他公民會有不同的待遇。 [1] 這些民族是根據英國劃分而來，根據緬甸憲法，土著是指 第一次英緬戰爭 前已住在緬甸的人。 八大族群.
