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The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to reconquer Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after it had been taken by force centuries earlier.
- 1291 - Wikipedia
August 1 – Federal Charter of 1291: The "three forest...
- 1291 - Wikipedia
- The Mamluk Sultanate
- The Shrinking Latin East
- Acre
- The Siege
- Aftermath
The military disasters of the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE) and the abandonment of the 1270 CE Eighth Crusade following the death of its leader Louis IX, king of France (r. 1226-1270 CE), had effectively sealed the fate of the Crusader-created states, the Latin East. The Christians of the Levant stood alone to face two enemies at once: the Muslims...
The Latin East was not wholly abandoned after the Eighth Crusade, the future King Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307 CE) did arrive in Acre in 1271 CE with a small army of knights, but he could achieve very little before returning home to Englandto be crowned king the following year. Pope Gregory X (r. 1271-1276 CE) was keen to call another crusade ...
Acre had long been the most important port in the Levant for the Latin states ever since the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem after the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE). The port city was well-fortified, built on a peninsula with the west and south sides protected by the sea and the other two sides by massive double walls dotted with 12 towers. The...
The population of Acre at this time was likely 30-40, 0000, although many civilians had already fled the city to take their chances elsewhere. Without a sizeable land army to engage the enemy in the field, the Christians who remained could do little but watch as Khalil methodically arranged his forces and catapults to cut off land access to the cit...
The Knights Hospitaller were credited with helping many refugees escape to the safety of Cyprus, where the order established its new headquarters (before moving on to Rhodes in 1306 CE). The Knights Templar also made the island their new HQ, and it became the only Christian foothold in the region, along with Cilicia in the north of the Levant. Ther...
- Mark Cartwright
The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance ( German: Bundesbrief) is one of the earliest constitutional documents of Switzerland. A treaty of alliance from 1291 between the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, the Charter is one of a series of alliances from which the Old Swiss Confederacy emerged. In the 19th and 20th century, after the ...
- Early August 1291
- Union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland
1291 ( MCCXCI) fue un año común comenzado en lunes del calendario juliano . Acontecimientos. 18 de mayo - Caída de Acre, último bastión cristiano en Tierra Santa. 29 de noviembre - Jaime II y Sancho IV firman el tratado de Monteagudo. Se acuerda la Bundesbrief, primera carta federal que marca el inicio de la Antigua Confederación Suiza. Nacimientos
El Pacto Federal (en alemán Bundesbrief) documenta la Alianza eterna o la Liga de los tres cantones del bosque (en alemán Ewiger Bund der Drei Waldstätten), la unión de tres cantones en la actual Suiza central, formada a principios de agosto de 1291.
Events. The Crusades end. Births. February 8 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (d. 1357) October 31 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (d. 1361) Pope Clement VI (d. 1352) Theodore I of Montferrat (d. 1338) Aimone of Savoy (d. 1343) Deaths. March 10 – Arghun, Mongol ruler. June 18 – King Alfonso III of Aragon (b. 1265)
