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1277 ( MCCLXXVII) fue un año común comenzado en viernes del calendario juliano . Acontecimientos. Nicolás III sucede a Juan XXI como papa. Étienne Tempier, obispo de París, condena 219 tesis sostenidas o discutidas en la Universidad de París.
Year 1277 ( MCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar . Events. By place. Byzantine Empire. March 19 – Byzantine–Venetian Treaty: Emperor Michael VIII ( Palaiologos) concludes an agreement with the Republic of Venice.
30 de mayo de 1277: Fecha de término: 25 de noviembre de 1277: Lugar de elección: Palacio Papal, Viterbo: Colegio cardenalicio; Cardenales electores: 8: Cardenales presentes: 7: Cardenales ausentes: 1: Dignidades encargadas; Decano: Bertrand de Saint-Martin: Protodiácono: Giovanni Gaetano Orsini: Sucesión papal; Papa fallecido: Juan XXI ...
Entre los siglos XIII y XIV se sucedieron en la ciudad de París una serie de condenas, de las cuales destacan las de 1210, 1270 y 1277. Las Condenas de la Universidad de París fueron promulgadas para censurar ciertas enseñanzas, evitando las que los medievales tacharon de herejía.
- Background: Wales in The High Middle Ages
- Conquest
- Aftermath
Following a series of invasions beginning shortly after their conquest of England in 1066, the Normans seized much of Wales and established quasi-independent Marcher lordships, owing allegiance to the English crown. However, Welsh principalities such as Gwynedd, Powys and Deheubarth survived and from the end of the 11th century, the Welsh began pus...
Immediate causes of war
Henry III died in 1272 and was succeeded by his son, Edward I. Whereas Henry's ineffectiveness had led to the collapse of royal authority in England during his reign,Edward was a vigorous and forceful ruler and an able military leader. In 1274, tension between Llywelyn and Edward increased when Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys and Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd defected to the English and sought Edward's protection. The continuing conflict with the Marcher Lords, particularly ov...
Invasion of 1277
Early in 1277, before the main royal army had been mustered, Edward deployed, in south and mid-Wales, a mixture of forces comprising paid troops, some of the marcher lords' retainers and knights of the royal household. They met with considerable success as many of the native Welsh rulers, resentful of Llywelyn's overlordship, surrendered and joined the English. In July 1277, Edward launched a punitive expedition into North Wales with his own army of 15,500—of whom 9,000 were Welshmen from the...
Treaty of Aberconwy
By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, Llywelyn was left only with the western part of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales.Eastern Gwynedd was split between Edward and Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, with the remainder of the lands that had been tributary to him becoming effectively Edward's. As a result of both territorial expropriation and the submission of the ruling families, Deheubarth, Powys and mid-Wales became a mixture of directly controlled royal l...
Territorial settlement
Edward divided the territory of the Welsh principalities between himself (that is, retained under direct royal control) and his supporters through feudal grants, which in practice became new Marcher lordships. The lordships created were mainly grants to Anglo-Normans such as the Earl of Lincoln who received the lordship of Denbigh. But additionally, Edward's Welsh allies received back their own lands, but on a feudal basis; for instance, Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn, of the princely house...
Colonisation and castle building
From 1277, and particularly after 1283, Edward embarked on a policy of English colonisation and settlement of Wales, creating new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan.Outside of the towns, Welsh peasants were evicted from key areas and their land resettled by English peasants: for example, in the Lordship of Denbigh 10,000 acres were occupied by English settlers by 1334. Edward's main concern following his victory was to ensure the military security of his new territories and the stone...
Further rebellions
Rebellions continued to occur in Wales sporadically. These included revolts in 1287–88, and more seriously, in 1294 under Madog ap Llywelyn, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and in 1316–1318 by Llywelyn Bren, Lord of Senghenydd. In the 1370s, Owain Lawgoch the last representative in the male line of the ruling house of Gwynedd planned two invasions of Wales with French support. In 1400, a Welsh nobleman, Owain Glyndŵr (or Owen Glendower), led the most serious revolt against English...
NGC 1277 es una galaxia lenticular localizada en la constelación de Perseo. Está situada a aproximadamente 220 millones de años luz de distancia de la Vía Láctea, y es conocida por contener un agujero negro supermasivo.
Temas, acontecimientos y noticias relacionados con el año 1277 . Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre el año 1277. Wikisource contiene obras originales sobre el año 1277.
