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1159 ( MCLIX) fue un año común comenzado en jueves del calendario juliano . Acontecimientos. Alejandro III sucede a Adriano IV como papa. Primera mención de Rutland como condado independiente de Inglaterra. Nacimientos. Minamoto no Yoshitsune, general del clan Minamoto de Japón. Fallecimientos.
- Granada
(1159) Granada es un asteroide perteneciente al cinturón de...
- Granada
Year 1159 was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events [ edit ] September 7 – Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV , as the 170th pope .
- Early Life and Career
- Disputed Election
- Pontificate
- References
- Sources
- Further Reading
Rolando was born in Siena. From the 14th century, he was referred to as a member of the aristocratic family of Bandinelli, although this has not been proven. He was long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum o...
Pope Adrian IV died 1 September 1159. On 7 September 1159, Rolando Bandinelli was elected pope and took the name Alexander III. A minority of the cardinals, however, elected the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV and became the Frederick's antipope. By 1160, faced with a papal schism, Alexander, and Victor, were summoned by...
Politics
Alexander III was the first pope known to have paid direct attention to missionary activities east of the Baltic Sea. He had created the Archbishopric of Uppsala in Sweden in 1164, probably at the suggestion of his close friend Archbishop Eskil of Lund – exiled in Clairvaux, France, due to a conflict with the Danish king. The latter appointed a Benedictine monk Fulco as a bishop in Estonia. In 1171, Alexander became the first pope to address the situation of the Church in Finland, with Finns...
Efforts at reform
Even as a fugitive, Alexander enjoyed the favour and protection of Louis VII of France.[citation needed] In 1163 Alexander summoned clergy and prelates from England, France, Italy, and Spain to the Council of Tours to address, among other things, the unlawful division of ecclesiastical benefices, clerical usury, and lay possession of tithes. In March 1179, Alexander III held the Third Council of the Lateran, one of the most important mediaeval church councils, reckoned by the Catholic Church...
Ecclesial activities
Throughout his pontificate, Alexander III elevated 68 cardinals in fifteen consistories which included two of his successors, Urban III and Clement III, and a cardinalwhom he would later canonize as a saint. Alexander III beatified no one during his papacy but he did canonize ten saints which included notable figures of the age such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Thomas Becket.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Alexander III" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander (popes)". Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.Duggan, Anne J. (2016). "Alexander ille meus: The Papacy of Alexander III". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Routledge. pp. 13–50.Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth. Yale University Press.Logan, F Donald (2002). A History of the Church in the Middle Ages. Routledge.Morris, Colin (1989). The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford University Press.Myriam Soria Audebert, "Pontifical Propaganda during the Schisms: Alexander III to the reconquest of Church Unity", in Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles....
- 7 September 1159
- October 1150, by Eugene III
- 30 August 1181
- Lucius III
Adrian IV (Latin: Hadrianus Quartus; c. 1100 – 1 September 1159), born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159. Breakspear was an English priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 170th Pope. He is the only Englishman ever to have been Pope.
- 4 December 1154
- Pope Anastasius IV
- 1 September 1159
- Pope Alexander III
Gulfstream II (G-1159) Twin-engined executive, corporate transport aircraft, with accommodation for up to 14 passengers, powered by two Rolls-Royce Spey RB.168 Mk 511-8 turbofan engines. Received FAA Type Certificate A12EA on October 19, 1967. Gulfstream II TT Modified version with tip tanks, increased range. FAA certified May 13, 1977.
- 2 October 1966
- Gulfstream III
- 256
Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源 義経, c. 1159 – June 15, 1189) was a commander of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura periods. During the Genpei War, he led a series of battles that toppled the Ise-Heishi branch of the Taira clan, helping his half-brother Yoritomo consolidate power.
