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Suitors

As the daughter of a reigning monarch, the hand of the young Elizabeth was seen as a very desirable prize.Suitors came from across the continent and were many and varied. They included: 1. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, son (and later successor) of the King of Sweden 2. Frederic Ulric, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3. Prince Maurice of Nassau 4. Theophilus Howard, Lord Howard of Walden, later second Earl of Suffolk 5. Otto, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Kassel, son of Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-...

Courtship

Frederick arrived in England on 16 October 1612, and the match seemed to please them both from the beginning. Their contemporaries noted how Frederick seemed to "delight in nothing but her company and conversation". Frederick also struck up a friendship with Elizabeth's elder brother, Prince Henry, which delighted his prospective bride immensely. King James did not take into consideration the couple's happiness, but saw the match as "one step in a larger process of achieving domestic and Euro...

Marriage to Frederick V

The wedding took place on 14 February 1613 at the royal chapel at the Palace of Whitehall and was a grand occasion that saw more royalty than ever visit the court of England.The marriage was an enormously popular match and was the occasion for an outpouring of public affection with the ceremony described as "a wonder of ceremonial and magnificence even for that extravagant age". It was celebrated with lavish and sophisticated festivities both in London and Heidelberg, including mass feasts an...

After almost a two-month stay in London for continued celebrations, the couple began their journey to join the Electoral court in Heidelberg. The journey was filled with meeting people, sampling foods and wines, and being entertained by a wide variety of performers and companies. At each place the young couple stopped, Elizabeth was expected to dis...

In 1619 Elizabeth's husband Frederick was one of those offered the throne of Bohemia. The Kingdom of Bohemia was "an aristocratic republic in all but name", whose nobles elected the monarch. It was one of the few successful pluralist states. The country had enjoyed a long period of religious freedom, but in March 1619, on the death of Emperor Matth...

Fearing the worst, by the time of the defeat at the Battle of White Mountain, Elizabeth already had left Prague and was awaiting the birth of her fifth child at the Castle of Custrin, about 80 km (50 mi) from Berlin. It was there on 6 January 1621 that she "in an easy labour lasting little more than an hour" was delivered of a healthy son, Maurice....

When Elizabeth received the news of Frederick's death, she became senseless with grief and for three days did not eat, drink, or sleep. When Charles I heard of Elizabeth's state, he invited her to return to England, but she refused. The rights of her son and Frederick's heir Charles Louis "remained to be fought for". Elizabeth then fought for her s...

In 1660, the Stuarts were restored to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in the person of Elizabeth's nephew Charles II. Elizabeth arrived in England on 26 May 1661. By July, she was no longer planning on returning to The Hague and made plans for the remainder of her furniture, clothing, and other property to be sent to her. She then proc...

Elizabeth and Frederick had 13 children, six of whom outlived their mother: 1. Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate(1614–1629); drowned 2. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1617–1680); married Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, had issue including Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orleans; married Marie Luise von Degenfeld...

Under the English Act of Settlement 1701, the succession to the English and Scottish crowns (later British crown) was settled on Elizabeth's youngest daughter Sophia of Hanover and her issue. In August 1714, Sophia's son (Elizabeth's grandson) George Iascended to the throne, with the future Royal family all his descendants and hence, also descendan...

When Philippe's uncle Gas­ton died in Feb­ru­ary 1660, the Duchy of Orléans re­verted to the crown, as he had no sur­viv­ing male issue. The duchy was one of the most highly re­garded ap­panages of the an­cien régime, and it was tra­di­tion­ally Philippe's birthright as the brother of the king. Thus, at the death of Gas­ton, Philippe him­self took ...

Sexuality

Dur­ing his child­hood, Queen Anne was ob­served to ad­dress Philippe by such nick­names as "my lit­tle girl" and en­cour­aged him to dress in fem­i­nine cloth­ing even as a young man – a habit he would re­tain all his life. A con­tem­po­rary would later call him the "sil­li­est woman who ever lived", a ref­er­ence to his effeminacy. As a young man, Philippe would dress up and at­tend balls and par­ties in fe­male at­tire, for ex­am­ple, dressed as a shepherdess. Mind­ful that Gas­ton's trea­...

Marriage with Princess Henrietta of England

After Louis XIV's mar­riage to Maria Theresa of Spain on 9 June 1660, Queen Anne turned her at­ten­tion to the mar­riage of Philippe. He had pre­vi­ously been en­cour­aged to court his older cousin the Duchess of Mont­pen­sier, el­dest daugh­ter of Gas­ton and his first wife Marie de Bour­bon. Known as Made­moi­selle at this time, she had an im­mense pri­vate for­tune and had pre­vi­ously re­jected suit­ors such as Charles II of Eng­land. Born in 1627, she was the sole heiress of her mother w...

Search for a second bride

Hen­ri­etta was mourned greatly at the court of France, but lit­tle by her hus­band, due to their strained re­la­tion­ship. Louis XIV him­self looked for a sec­ond wife for Philippe, who was eager to have a male heir to con­tinue the Orléans line. At­ten­tion again turned to the duchess of Mont­pen­sier, by now known as "la Grande Made­moi­selle". Louis him­self asked her if she wanted to fill "the va­cant place", but she po­litely de­clined the offer. Louis re­jected many other can­di­dates...

Hav­ing al­ready es­tab­lished him­self as a suc­cess­ful mil­i­tary com­man­der dur­ing the War of De­vo­lu­tion in 1667, Philippe was eager to re­turn to the field. In 1676 and 1677 he took part in sieges in Flan­ders, and was pro­moted to the rank of Lieu­tenant gen­eral, which made him sec­ond-in-com­mand to Louis XIV him­self. The most im­pres...

From the time of the vic­tory at Cas­sel until the 1690s, Philippe mainly con­cen­trated his en­er­gies on the ex­pan­sion of his es­tates, per­sonal for­tune, and art col­lec­tion, in­clud­ing the ren­o­va­tion of his res­i­dences, the Palais Royal and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The lat­ter was his favourite residence, the home of an ever-ex­pand...

Upon the death of Made­moi­selle in 1693, Philippe ac­quired the duke­doms of Mont­pen­sier, Châteller­ault, Saint-Fargeau and Beaupréau. He also be­came prince of Joinville, count of Dour­dan, Mor­tain and Bar-sur-Seine and vis­count of Auge and Dom­front. In later life, Philippe was thus able to main­tain his lav­ish lifestyle eas­ily, and he fou...

Philippe has been por­trayed in var­i­ous mod­ern media: 1. The Private Life of Louis XIV (1935 film), played by Hans Stüwe 2. Liselotte of the Palatinate (1966 film), played by Harald Leipnitz 3. The Taking of Power by Louis XIV(1966 film), played by Pierre Pernet 4. Marquise(1997 film), played by Franck de La Personne 5. Vatel (2000 film), played...

First marriage

Mar­ried his first cousin, Princess Hen­ri­etta of Eng­land, daugh­ter of Charles I of Eng­land and Hen­ri­etta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal. The cou­ple had four chil­dren, in ad­di­tion to two mis­car­riages: 1. Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married King Charles II of Spain, no issue; 2. Miscarriage (1663); 3. Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois(16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666) died in infancy; 4. Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665);...

Second marriage

Mar­ried Eliz­a­beth Char­lotte of the Palati­nate, daugh­ter of Charles I Louis, Elec­tor Pala­tine and Char­lotte of Hesse-Kas­sel, on 16 No­vem­ber 1671 at Châlons. The cou­ple had three chil­dren: 1. Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 June 1673 – 16 March 1676) died in childhood; 2. Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, and had issue; 3. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 Decembe...