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John, Prince of Portugal ( Portuguese: João; 29 January – February 1451) was a Portuguese infante, son of Afonso V and Isabella of Coimbra. He was born heir to the throne in 1451, but he died young during the same year. The title of Prince of Portugal then passed again to Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, his uncle. References. Categories:
- February 1451
- Overview
- Early life
- Assertion of power
- African exploration
John II, (born 1455, Lisbon, Port.—died October 1495, Alvor) king of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese rulers, chiefly because of his ruthless assertion of royal authority over the great nobles and his resumption of the exploration of Africa and the quest for India.
John was the great-grandson of the founder of the House of Aviz, John I, and only surviving son of Afonso V by his queen and cousin, Isabella. He was educated by the humanists of the court and was married to his cousin Leonor in 1471. He participated in his father’s conquest of Arzila in Morocco, where he was knighted, and was given a separate household at Beja in southern Portugal. In 1474 his father entrusted him with the “trade of Guinea” and the African explorations. When Afonso V claimed the Castilian throne in opposition to Isabella I, plunging Portugal into war, he appointed John his regent (April 1475). The Prince mobilized an army and marched to support his father, but the Battle of Toro (March 1476) checked the Portuguese intrusion into Castile. Afonso V departed for France in a fruitless search for an alliance, while John defended the frontier and parried a Spanish counterattack. Afonso’s lack of success caused him to announce his abdication. John was proclaimed king, but his father returned and resumed his reign, concluding the disadvantageous Treaty of Alcáçovas before his death in August 1481.
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At John II’s accession, this peace treaty had obliged him to place his young children under Spanish guardianship near the frontier as a pledge of their marriage to Castilians. Afonso had been limited in authority by the ambitious House of Bragança, the wealthiest family in Portugal. John summoned the Cortes (assembly) at Évora (November 1481) and i...
In Africa Afonso V had preferred crusading in Morocco to trade and discovery of the west coast. John II himself never returned to Africa after Arzila but supported the development of commerce and exploration.
In December 1481 he sent Diogo de Azambuja to build the fortress of St. George at Mina (the “gold mine”), near Benin, a powerful native kingdom in the territory of modern Nigeria. Gold currency had been restored by his father, and the new trade now doubled the royal revenues, and in 1485 John assumed the title of lord of Guinea. He had already sent Diogo Cão to search for the seaway to India, and Cão had discovered the mouth of the Congo River. Christopher Columbus tried to interest him in his plan to reach India by a western route. John rejected this but licensed Fernão Dulmo to search for new islands, apparently without result. In 1485 he sent Cão on a second voyage that reached southwestern Africa but failed to find the Cape. When in 1486 merchants in Benin heard news of a native potentate far to the east who was thought to be the legendary Christian ruler Prester John, the King sent Pero da Covilhã and Afonso Paiva to visit India and Ethiopia by an overland route. He also sent Bartolomeu Dias to take over Cão’s task of finding the southern extremity of Africa; Dias’ return in December 1488 demonstrated that Africa could be rounded and India reached by sea, but it was only after John’s death that Vasco da Gama’s successful expedition to India was launched. In 1490 a mission was sent to consolidate relations with the Kongo kingdom. In 1493 Columbus arrived in Lisbon with tidings of, as he supposed, islands off Asia, and the Pope awarded these discoveries to the Spanish crown. But John II protested and began negotiations leading to the celebrated Treaty of Tordesillas (June 1494), which gave to Spain all lands west of a line 370 leagues to the west of the Cape Verde Islands. This line, however, reserved Brazil (still apparently unknown) for Portugal.
John had previously negotiated with the papacy, ceding the beneplacet but retaining the right to have ecclesiastical cases settled in Portugal and obtaining permission for a crusade against the Moors. He sent a minor expedition against Anafé and obtained tribute from Safi and Azemmour in Morocco, but in 1489 his attempt to build a fortress at the mouth of the Loukkos was prevented by the ruler of Fez.
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When in May 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain decided to expel the Jewish population, John received a delegation of Spanish Jews who offered 60,000 cruzados for the permanent admission of 600 wealthy families to Portugal, together with a fee of eight cruzados a head for the temporary admission of others, who would be allowed to remain eight months, after which John would supply ships for them to leave. In fact, ships were provided only for Tangier and Arzila; some Jewish children were sent to settle the island of São Tomé.
Hereditary Prince of Portugal ( Portuguese: Príncipe Herdeiro de Portugal ), unofficially Prince of Portugal ( Príncipe Herdeiro de Portugal ), or Princess of Portugal, was the title held by the heirs apparent and heirs presumptive to the Kingdom of Portugal, from 1433 to 1645. [citation needed]
NameLifespanTenureNotes15 January 1432 – 28 August 14811433 – 13 September 1438Later: King Afonso V of Portugal and the ...17 November 1433 - 18 September 1470(1st Time) 13 September 1438 – 29 January ...Also: Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu29 January 1451 – 145129 January 1451 – 1451Premature death6 February 1452 – 12 May 14906 February 1452 – 3 March 1455Also: Saint Princess Joanna of PortugalJohn, Prince of Portugal ( Portuguese: João; 29 January – February 1451) was a Portuguese infante, son of Afonso V and Isabella of Coimbra. He was born heir to the throne in 1451, but he died young during the same year. The title of Prince of Portugal then passed again to Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, his uncle. Oops something went wrong: 403.
Dom João Manuel, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w mɐnuˈɛl]) (3 June 1537 – 2 January 1554) was a Portuguese infante (prince), the eighth child of King John III of Portugal by his wife Catherine of Austria, daughter of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile.
7 de abr. de 2024 · John I (born April 11, 1357, Lisbon—died August 14, 1433, Lisbon) was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. Early life.
Biography. Called "the Perfect Prince". son of King Afonso V of Portugal by his wife, Isabella of Coimbra, princess of Portugal, John II succeeded his father in 1477 when the king retired to a monastery, but only became king in 1481, after the death of his father and predecessor.
