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Hace 1 día · Seljuk Empire circa 1090, during the reign of Malik Shah I.To the west, Anatolia was under the independent rule of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish as the Sultanate of Rum, and disputed with the Byzantine Empire.
- 3,900,000 km² (1,500,000 sq mi)
Hace 2 días · The Sultanate of Rûm [a] was a culturally Turco-Persian Sunni Muslim state, established over conquered Byzantine territories and peoples ( Rûm) of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks following their entry into Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert (1071).
Hace 3 días · Al-Ghazali was born in c. 1058 in Tus, then part of the Seljuk Empire. [49] He was a Muslim scholar, law specialist, rationalist, and spiritualist of Persian descent. [50] [51] He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district of Tus, Khorasan (now part of Iran ), [49] not long after Seljuks entered Baghdad and ended Shia Buyid Amir al-umaras.
- Overview
- Historical city
Eṣfahān, capital of Eṣfahān province and major city of western Iran. Eṣfahān is situated on the north bank of the Zāyandeh River at an elevation of about 5,200 feet (1,600 metres), roughly 210 miles (340 km) south of the capital city of Tehrān. Eṣfahān first thrived under the Seljuq Turks (11th–12th century) and then under the Persian Ṣafavid dynas...
A town named Gabae (later called Gay in Middle Persian and Jayy in Arabic) at the site of modern Eṣfahān can be traced back to at least the Achaemenid era (559–330 bce), but little is known about the area before the rule of the Sāsānian dynasty (c. 224–c. 651 ce). In the 5th century Queen Shushan-Dukht, the Jewish consort of Yazdegerd I (reigned 399–420), is said to have settled a colony of Jews nearby in Yahūdiyyeh (literally “town of the Jews”). (The establishment of the colony has also been attributed to Nebuchadrezzar, but that seems less likely.) The Shahrestān Bridge, which spans the Zāyandeh River a short distance southeast of the city, dates from the Sāsānian era; the piers are, however, all that remain of the original structure, the upper part having often been rebuilt. After the Arab conquest in 642, the city came to be known by the regional name Eṣfahān. Under the Arabs it served as the capital of Al-Jibāl (“the Mountains”) province, an area that covered much of ancient Media.
Eṣfahān grew prosperous under the Persian Būyid (Buwayhid) dynasty, which rose to power and ruled much of Iran when the temporal authority of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs waned in the 10th century. Toghrïl Beg, the Turkish conqueror and founder of the Seljuq dynasty, made Eṣfahān the capital of his domains in the mid-11th century, and under his famous grandson Malik-Shah I (reigned 1073–92) the city grew in size and splendour. In those days the centre of the city was a square, or rectangle, situated some distance to the north of what would later become the city’s main courtyard, the Maydān-e Shāh. It was bordered on the north by the Great Mosque of Eṣfahān (Masjed-e Jāmiʿ), which is still one of the chief architectural glories of the city; at the southern end was the Mosque of ʿAlī (Masjed-e ʿAlī). Only one tall minaret remains of the original building. Niẓām al-Mulk, Malik-Shah’s chief minister and the patron of the poet Omar Khayyam, added a beautiful dome chamber to the Great Mosque. Not to be outdone, his rival Tāj al-Mulk then built nearby a smaller but even more beautiful dome chamber that is said to have attained “the perfection of architecture.”
After the fall of the Seljuqs (c. 1200), Eṣfahān temporarily declined and was eclipsed by other Iranian cities such as Tabrīz and Qazvīn, but it regained its preeminent position during the Ṣafavid period (1501–1736). The city’s golden age began in 1598 when the Ṣafavid ruler ʿAbbās I (the Great; reigned 1588–1629) made it his capital and rebuilt it into one of the largest and most beautiful cities of the 17th century. In the centre of the city he created the immense Maydān-e Shāh, a courtyard that measures 1,674 by 540 feet (510 by 165 metres). At the southern end of the courtyard is the famous Masjed-e Emām (“Imam Mosque”; formerly Masjed-e Shāh), begun in 1611/12 but not finished until after ʿAbbās’s death. This building, decorated with enameled tiles of great brilliance, has been carefully preserved since the 20th century. On the eastern side stands the Masjed-e Shaykh Luṭf Allāh (“Sheikh Loṭfollāh Mosque”), the mosque used by ʿAbbās for his private devotions. On the western side of the square is the ʿAlī Qāpū (“Lofty Gate”), a high building in the form of an archway that is crowned in the forepart by an immense tālār, or covered balcony, that served as an audience hall and as a vantage point from which the shah and his courtiers or guests could watch games of polo or gladiatorial combats below. This archway leads into the gardens of the former royal palace, which covers a large area with courts and pavilions, one of which, the Chehel Sotūn (“Forty Columns”), was famous as a veranda and throne room for ʿAbbās. At the northern end of the courtyard is a tiled gateway leading to the Qayṣariyyeh, or royal bazaar. The spaces between these buildings are filled by two-story buildings with arched recesses, all of uniform design.
Nearly 1,800 feet (549 metres) west of the Maydān-e Emām and connected to it by a side road is the Chahār Bāgh (“Four Gardens”), the avenue that ʿAbbās made to give access to his capital from the south. (According to legend the monarch had to purchase four gardens in order to construct the road.) The Chahār Bāgh runs southward to the Zāyandeh River, which it crosses by means of a fine bridge built by Allāhverdi Khan, one of ʿAbbās’s generals. The northern part of the avenue, nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 200 feet (61 metres) wide, consisted of two alleyways with a promenade between; down the centre was a watercourse with basins and fountains at intervals. Shade was provided by rows of trees. The two roadways and the promenade remain, but the watercourse and fountains have disappeared.
A French Huguenot jeweler and writer, Jean Chardin, spent 10 years in Eṣfahān between 1664 and 1677 and in his Voyages gave a detailed and graphic description of the city as it was at its zenith. It then had, he said, 162 mosques, 273 public baths, 1,802 caravansaries, and 48 madrasahs (religious colleges). Among the last group was the renowned Māder-e Shāh (“Royal Mother”) madrasah; built in the early 18th century, it has a splendid Arabesque dome. During this striking period of architectural growth, the city was also the centre of the Eṣfahān school of miniature painting and was home to numerous scholars and literati.
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Hace 4 días · Cappadocia, ancient district in east-central Anatolia, situated on the rugged plateau north of the Taurus Mountains, in the centre of present-day Turkey. The boundaries of the region have varied throughout history. Cappadocia’s landscape includes dramatic expanses of soft volcanic rock, shaped by erosion into towers, cones, valleys, and caves.
Hace 5 días · Baloch, group of tribes speaking the Balochi language and estimated at about five million inhabitants in the province of Balochistān in Pakistan and also neighbouring areas of Iran and Afghanistan. In Pakistan the Baloch people are divided into two groups, the Sulaimani and the Makrani, separated.
Hace 5 días · Visual Arts. Source: Commons.wikimedia.org. The St. Wenceslas statue is a remarkable landmark known for its cultural and historical significance. Located in the heart of Prague, Czech Republic, this statue pays tribute to St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia.
