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The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCCI) to 31 December 1400 (MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire .
- Overview
- The 14th century
- Petrarch
- Giovanni Boccaccio
During the 14th century, humanism strengthened, diversified, and spread, with Florence remaining at its epicentre. The three figures who were most critical to the rise of the humanist movement during this period were Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Salutati.
During the 14th century, humanism strengthened, diversified, and spread, with Florence remaining at its epicentre. The three figures who were most critical to the rise of the humanist movement during this period were Petrarch, Boccaccio, and Salutati.
The influence of Petrarch was profound and multifaceted. He promoted the recovery and transcription of Classical texts, providing the impetus for the important Classical researches of Boccaccio and Salutati. He threw himself into controversies in which he defined a new humanism in contradistinction to what he considered to be the barbaric influence of medieval tradition. He carried on an energetic correspondence that established him as a cultural focal point and would provide, even if all his other works were lost, an accurate index of his views and their development. As a theologian (he was an ordained priest), he advanced the view, held by many humanists who followed, that Classical learning and Christian spirituality were not only compatible but also mutually fulfilling. As a political apologist, he gave hearty support to Cola di Rienzo’s brief revival of the Roman Republic (1347). As a poet, he was the first Renaissance writer to produce a Latin epic (Africa, published posthumously in 1396), but he was even more important for his compositions in the vernacular. His Canzoniere, written from 1330 until his death in 1374, provided the model on which the Renaissance lyric was to take shape and the standard by which future works would be judged. His work established secular poetry as a serious and noble pursuit. His eloquent and forceful presence made him a personal symbol of his own ideas. Crowned with laurel, favoured by rulers, legates, and scholars, he became the human focus for the new interest in Classical revival and literary artistry.
It was, however, as a philosophical spokesman that Petrarch exerted his greatest influence on the history of humanism. In his prose works and letters he established positions that would be central to the movement, and he broached issues that would be its favourite subjects for debate. His idea of the poet as a philosophical teacher and thus as a champion of culture would inspire humanists from Boccaccio to Sir Philip Sidney. His endorsement of the study of rhetoric and his underlying notion of language as an informing principle of the individual and society would become crucial subjects of humanistic discussion and debate. His view of Classical culture, not as an isolated element of the past but as an authentic alternative to his own medieval society, was of equal historical importance. He helped to reestablish the Socratic tradition in Europe by specifying self-knowledge as a primary goal of philosophy. This attitude and his unfailing insistence on moral autonomy were early and important signs of the individualism that would become a Renaissance hallmark. He emphasized human virtue as opposed to fortune and thus set the stage for numerous famous treatments of this theme. He struggled repeatedly with the dilemma of action versus contemplation, establishing it as a favourite topic for humanistic debate. Petrarch did not invent these subjects, nor does he usually treat them with overwhelming power. Though stylistically brilliant, his work is ultimately limited by conflicting commitments to faith and to reason, to autocracy and to liberty.
Petrarch’s friend Giovanni Boccaccio created an opus that was even more revolutionary. His Teseida (1340–41) was the first classical epic to have been written in the vernacular, and it influenced the Italian epics of Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso. His De genealogia deorum gentilium (“On the Genealogy of the Gods of the Gentiles,” written c. 1...
European prosperity falters during the fourteenth century, with a run of bad harvests, a decline in trade and - from 1347 - the Black Death
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History of Europe - Medieval, Feudalism, Crusades: The period of European history extending from about 500 to 1400–1500 ce is traditionally known as the Middle Ages. The term was first used by 15th-century scholars to designate the period between their own time and the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
