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The Peerage of the United Kingdom is one of the five Peerages in the United Kingdom. It comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801, when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain.
The following tables only show extant peerages. For lists of every peerage created at a particular rank, including extinct, dormant, and abeyant peerages, see: List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland; List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland; List of earldoms; List of viscountcies in the peerages of Britain ...
- Background
- History of The Peerage
- Types of Peers
- Ranks
- Precedence
- Privilege of Peerage
- Within The Honours System
- Form of Title
- Styles and Forms of Address
- Vestments
Creation
All peerages are created by the British monarch. The sovereign, as the fount of honour, cannot hold a British peerage themselves. However, the British sovereign, in addition to their title of 'King' or 'Queen', whether male or female, is informally accorded the style of 'Duke of Lancaster' (a title linked to the historic Duchy of Lancaster, which became the private estate of the British sovereign when the holder, Henry IV of England, ascended the throne in 1399). Likewise in the Channel Islan...
Legislative Function
All life Peers and some hereditary peers may sit in the House of Lords as the Lords Temporal. They sit alongside the Lords Spiritual, who are not peers, but bishops of the Church of England. Labour, elected to power in 1997, sought to remove all of the seats in the House of Lords reserved for hereditary peers, but Prime Minister Tony Blair relented by allowing 92 members to remain by legislation enacted in 1999. 90 of these hereditary peers are elected to the House of Lords from within their...
Executive Function
Peers in the House of Lords can serve in the British government, when invited to do so, as ministers. Peers can even serve as Prime Minister, though this is no longer convention and the last to do so was the 14th Earl of Homein 1963, who disclaimed his peerage within a few days of being appointed as Prime Minister to fight a by-election to sit in the Commons. Peers in the House of Lords are often appointed by the sovereign, on the advice of the government, to serve as a Privy Counsellor. This...
Baronage evolution
The modern-day parliamentary peerage is a successor of the medieval baronage system which emerged in the English feudal era. Feudalism was introduced to England after 1066 by William the Conqueror and taken to Scotland by David Iin 1124 when, after having lived in England as Earl of Huntingdon, he succeeded to the Scottish throne. A Barony was a form of feudal landholding, where individuals were appointed by the king, as his tenants-in-chief - that is to say people who held land by feudal ten...
Parliamentary Role
The modern peerage system is a vestige of the custom of English kings in the 12th and 13th centuries to grant a right to Barons to attend parliament; in the late 14th century, this right (or "title") began to be granted by decree, and titles also became inherited with the rest of an estate under the system of primogeniture. The requirement of attending Parliament was both a liability and a privilege for those who held land as a tenant-in-chief from the King per baroniam – that is to say, unde...
Transition from feudalism
Thus over time baronies by writ effectively became Hereditary peerageseven if this had not been the intention of the original issuer of the writ. By the Tenures Abolition Act 1660, many remaining baronies by tenure who had not got an established inherited writ of summons were converted into baronies by writ, thereby bringing them into line with the other peerages. While non-heritable "peerages for life" were often created in the early days of the peerage, their regular creation was not provid...
Hereditary peers
A hereditary peer is a peer of the realm whose dignity may be inherited; those able to inherit it are said to be "in remainder". Hereditary peerage dignities may be created with writs of summons or by letters patent; the former method is now obsolete. Writs of summons summon an individual to Parliament, in the old feudal tradition, and merely implied the existence or creation of an hereditary peerage dignity, which is automatically inherited, presumably according to the traditional medieval r...
Representative peers
From 1707 until 1963, Scottish peers elected 16 Scottish representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1963, they have had the same rights as Peers of the United Kingdom. From 1801 until 1922, Irish peers elected 28 Irish representative peer to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1922, when the Irish Free Statebecame a separate country, no Irish representative peers have been elected, though sitting members retained their seats for life.
Life peers
Apart from hereditary peerages, there exist peerages that may be held for life and whose title cannot be passed onto someone else by inheritance. The Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and the Life Peerages Act 1958authorise the regular creation of life peerages, with the right to sit in the House of Lords. Life peers created under both acts are of baronial rank and are always created under letters patent. Since the loss of the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords as a result o...
Peers are of five ranks, in descending order of hierarchy: 1. Duke comes from the Latin dux, meaning 'leader'. The first duke in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1337. The feminine form is Duchess. 2. Marquess comes from the French marquis, which is a derivative of marche or march. This is a reference to the borders ('marches') between...
Peers are entitled to a special precedencebecause of their ranks. Wives and children of peers are also entitled to a special precedence because of their station. The sovereign may, as fount of honour, vary the precedence of the peers or of any other people. For example, Elizabeth II granted her husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, precedence ...
The privilege of peerage is the body of privileges that belongs to peers, their wives and their unremarried widows. The privilege is distinct from parliamentary privilege, and applies to all peers, not just members of the House of Lords. It still exists, although "occasions of its exercise have now diminished into obscurity." Although the extent of...
The peerage forms part of the British honours system, as the highest tier. This role dates back to the days when being ennobled by the monarch meant secure addition for someone and their heirs into the British aristocracy, and alongside it, political power and a theoretically raised status within the hierarchy of the British class system. These day...
The titles of peers are in the form of "(Rank) (TitleName)" or "(Rank) of (TitleName)". The name of the title can either be a place name or a surname or a combination of both (e.g. The Duke of Norfolk or The Earl Spencer). The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. For instance, Dukes always us...
Style
Dukes use His Grace, Marquesses use The Most Honourable and other peers use The Right Honourable. Peeresses (whether they hold peerages in their own right or are wives of peers) use equivalent styles.
Honorific
Individuals who use the appellation Lord or Lady are not necessarily peers. There are judicial, ecclesiastic and holders of other crown offices who are often accorded the appellation "Lord" or "Lady" as a form of courtesy title as a product of their office. Those who hold feudal titles are, however, never accorded the honorific "Lord". The holder of a lordship of the manorfor example can be styled as Charles S, Lord/Lady of the Manor of [Placename], but would not be referred to as Lord Charle...
Robes
Peerage robes are currently worn in the United Kingdom on ceremonial occasions. They are of two varieties: parliament robes, worn in the House of Lords on occasions such as at a peer's introduction or state opening of parliament, and coronation robes, worn at the coronations of monarchs. The details of the fur on these robes differs according to a peer's rank. Since the early Middle Ages, robes have been worn as a sign of nobility. At first, these seem to have been bestowed on individuals by...
Coronets and headgear
In the United Kingdom, a peer wears his or her coronet on only one occasion: for the monarch's coronation, when it is worn along with coronation robes. 1. The coronet of a duke or duchess has eight strawberry leaves; 2. The coronet of a marquess or marchioness has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls"); 3. The coronet of an earl or countess has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks; 4. The coronet of a viscount or viscountess has sixteen "pearls...
29 de mar. de 2024 · The peerage comprises five ranks, which are, in descending order, duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron. Below the peerage are honorary ranks that include baronet and knight, two classes that bear similarities to the nobility but which are generally not regarded as such. crowns of British nobility.
As well as hereditary titles, the British peerage also includes life peerages, part of the British honours system. Life peerages are granted by the Government to honour individuals and give the recipient the right to sit and vote in the House of Lords. Today, most of those who sit in the House of Lords are life peers: only 90 of the 790 or so ...
The Complete Peerage, exhaustive 14-volume (in 15 books) guide to the peerage families (titled aristocracy) of the British Isles, recognized as the greatest British achievement in the field of genealogy.
The five ranks of British nobility, in descending order, are duke, marquess, earl ( see count ), viscount, and baron. Until 1999, peers were entitled to sit in the House of Lords and exempted from jury duty.
