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Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English statesman, politician, and soldier, widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of the British Isles.
- Soldier and statesman
- Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
- pre-1642 (militia service), 1642–1651 (civil war)
- Robert Cromwell (father), Elizabeth Steward (mother)
- Overview
- Youth and early public career
- Formative influences
- Cromwell in Parliament
The son of Robert Cromwell—a member of one of Queen Elizabeth I’s parliaments, a landlord, and a justice of the peace—Oliver Cromwell also was descended indirectly on his father’s side from Henry VIII’s chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, who had helped Oliver’s great-grandfather and grandfather acquire confiscated monastic land in Huntingdon and the Fens.
What were Oliver Cromwell’s beliefs?
In religious matters, Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, believed that individual Christians could establish direct contact with God through prayer and that congregations should choose their own ministers, whose principal duty was to inspire the laity by preaching. He distrusted the Church of England hierarchy and advocated abolishing the episcopate but was never opposed to a state church.
What did Oliver Cromwell accomplish?
As one of the generals on the parliamentary side in the English Civil Wars (1642–51) against Charles I, Oliver Cromwell helped overthrow the Stuart monarchy, and, as lord protector(1653–58), he raised England’s status once more to that of a leading European power from the decline it had gone through since the death of Elizabeth I.
How did Oliver Cromwell influence others?
Cromwell was born at Huntingdon in eastern England in 1599, the only son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. His father had been a member of one of Queen Elizabeth’s parliaments and, as a landlord and justice of the peace, was active in local affairs. Robert Cromwell died when his son was 18, but his widow lived to the age of 89. Oliver went ...
Cromwell was descended indirectly on his father’s side from Henry VIII’s chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, who had assisted Oliver’s great-grandfather and grandfather in acquiring significant amounts of former monastic land in Huntingdon and in the Fens. Oliver was the eldest surviving son of the younger son of a knight; he inherited a modest amount of property but was brought up in the vicinity of his grandfather, who regularly entertained the king’s hunting party. His education would have presented him with a strong evangelical Protestantism and a powerful sense of God’s providential presence in human affairs.
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During his early married life, Cromwell, like his father, was profoundly conscious of his responsibilities to his fellow men and concerned himself with affairs in his native Fenland, but he was also the victim of a spiritual and psychological struggle that perplexed his mind and damaged his health. He does not appear to have experienced conversion until he was nearly 30; later he described to a cousin how he had emerged from darkness into light. Yet he had been unable to receive the grace of God without feeling a sense of “self, vanity and badness.” He was convinced that he had been “the chief of sinners” before he learned that he was one of God’s Chosen.
In his 30s Cromwell sold his freehold land and became a tenant on the estate of Henry Lawrence at St. Ives in Cambridgeshire. Lawrence was planning at that time to emigrate to New England, and Cromwell was almost certainly planning to accompany him, but the plan failed.
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Cromwell had already become known in the Parliament of 1628–29 as a fiery and somewhat uncouth Puritan, who had launched an attack on Charles I’s bishops. He believed that the individual Christian could establish direct contact with God through prayer and that the principal duty of the clergy was to inspire the laity by preaching. Thus he had contributed out of his own pocket to the support of itinerant Protestant preachers or “lecturers” and openly showed his dislike of his local bishop at Ely, a leader of the High Church party, which stood for the importance of ritual and episcopal authority. He criticized the bishop in the House of Commons and was appointed a member of a committee to investigate other complaints against him. Cromwell, in fact, distrusted the whole hierarchy of the Church of England, though he was never opposed to a state church. He therefore advocated abolishing the institution of the episcopate and the banning of a set ritual as prescribed in The Book of Common Prayer. He believed that Christian congregations ought to be allowed to choose their own ministers, who should serve them by preaching and extemporaneous prayer.
Cromwell’s election to the Parliaments of 1640 (see Short Parliament; Long Parliament) for the borough of Cambridge was certainly the result of close links between himself and radical Puritans in the city council. In Parliament he bolstered his reputation as a religious hothead by promoting radical reform. In fact, he was too outspoken for the leaders of the opposition, who ceased to use him as their mouthpiece after the early months of the Long Parliament.
Indeed, though Cromwell shared the grievances of his fellow members over taxes, monopolies, and other burdens imposed on the people, it was his religion that first brought him into opposition to the king’s government. When in November 1641 John Pym and his friends presented to King Charles I a “Grand Remonstrance,” consisting of over 200 clauses, among which was one censuring the bishops “and the corrupt part of the clergy, who cherish formality and superstition” in support of their own “ecclesiastical tyranny and usurpation,” Cromwell declared that had it not been passed by the House of Commons he would have sold all he had “the next morning, and never have seen England more.”
The Remonstrance was not accepted by the king, and the gulf between him and his leading critics in the House of Commons widened. A month later Charles vainly attempted to arrest five of them for treason: Cromwell was not yet sufficiently prominent to be among these. But when in 1642 the king left London to raise an army, and events drifted toward civil war, Cromwell began to distinguish himself not merely as an outspoken Puritan but also as a practical man capable of organization and leadership. In July he obtained permission from the House of Commons to allow his constituency of Cambridge to form and arm companies for its defense, in August he himself rode to Cambridge to prevent the colleges from sending their plate to be melted down for the benefit of the king, and as soon as the war began he enlisted a troop of cavalry in his birthplace of Huntingdon. As a captain he made his first appearance with his troop in the closing stages of the Battle of Edgehill (October 23, 1642) where Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of Essex, was commander in chief for Parliament in the first major contest of the war.
Oliver Cromwell ( Huntingdon, Inglaterra; 25 de abril de 1599- Londres, 3 de septiembre de 1658) fue un dictador, líder político y militar inglés. Convirtió a Inglaterra en una república denominada Mancomunidad de Inglaterra (en inglés, Commonwealth of England ).
9 de nov. de 2009 · Bettmann / Getty Images. Oliver Cromwell was a political and military leader in 17th century England who served as Lord Protector, or head of state, of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and...
22 de dic. de 2021 · Key points. Following the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil Wars, and later his trial and execution, Oliver Cromwell became ‘Lord Protector’ in 1653. Cromwell was a Puritan, a...
2 de feb. de 2022 · Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) fue un experto comandante de caballería, luego jefe del Nuevo Ejército Modelo del Parlamento y finalmente Lord Protector de Inglaterra, Escocia e Irlanda. Este último título le fue concedido a Cromwell de por vida tras la sangrienta conclusión de las guerras civiles inglesas (1642-1651) y la ...
17 de feb. de 2011 · A unique leader. Oliver Cromwell rose from the middle ranks of English society to be Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, the only non-royal ever to hold that position.
