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The 18th century in the United States refers to the period in the United States from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. For articles on this period, see: History of the United States series: Colonial history of the United States. History of the United States (1776–1789)
- The American Revolution
- The United States Expands
- Expansion, Tension and Compromise
- The Path to War
- The Civil War and After
- The Later 19th Century
Background
The Great War for the Empire, 1754-1763 (otherwise known as the French and Indian War, or in Britain as the Seven Years’ War) eliminated French power from North America and extended British power to all territories east of the Mississippi river. Ironically, the completeness of the British victory set the scene for the elimination of British power from what would become the USA a mere two decades later. In the years following the end of the war, tensions rose between Britain and her colonial s...
The War of American Independence
With the British government refusing to give ground, the next year a Second Continental Congress was called. This time all 13 colonies sent delegates. By this time, desultory harbor had broken out between American “Patriots” and British troops stationed in the colonies. Congress was therefore forced to assume responsibility for co-ordinating a war against the British. In 1776, the Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence, and the following year it passed the Articles of Con...
The Constitution
Over the next few years the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation became apparent as a basis for governing a country like the USA. The individual States began going their own way, even to the extent of making treaties with other countries and erecting trade barriers against each others’ goods. North African pirates seized American merchant ships – and there was no American navy to stop them. There was no army to speak of. The Continental Congress’ funding was highly precarious, as it...
The enactment of the Constitution was timely, as the new nation was no sooner created than it began expanding strongly. The Constitution allowed this process to go forward with some semblance of order, as it provided for newly settled areas to be administered as territories, under the jurisdiction of the President and his officials, before being ad...
The Expansion of Slavery
The early decades of the USA were characterized by partisan politics within Congress. The ending of the War of 1812, however, ushered in a period of political quiescence known as the “Era of Good Feeling”. This was achieved largely by leaving contentious issues alone. There was one issue which simply could not be ignored for long, however: slavery. The southern states were deeply attached to the institution of slavery. Southern states were dominated, socially and politically, by a class of sl...
The Missouri Compromise
As questions to do with slavery and states’ rights gained traction with ordinary Americans, so too did they become a major political issue: should Congress abolish slavery? Expand it? Or perhaps it had no rights to any say on this issue? In any case, the number of “slave” versus “free” states had implications for the Federal government. Seats in the senate were allocated two per state, and this meant that the balance of power in Congress between pro-slave and anti-slave politicians was direct...
Further Expansion
The 1820s and 30s saw strong geographical, economic and democratic expansion in the country. There was a remarkable transportation revolution, with turnpikes, canals, steamboats and (after 1828) railroads coming into use. Probably the single most significant development in transport was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. This connected the Atlantic coast with the Great Lakes by a navigable waterway, and made the journey to the mid-west for immigrants much shorter and easier than before. I...
Meanwhile the United States continued to expand. Arkansas achieved statehood in 1836, as, to the north, did Michigan in 1837; Iowa was organized as a territory in 1838 and achieved statehood in 1846; Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and became a state in 1848.
The War Arrives
The descent of Kansas into violence was matched in national politics by the entrenchment of the Democratic Party as the party of the South and of slavery, and the rise of a new, largely anti-slavery Republican Party, with its support base in the North. The election of the first Republican president, Abraham Lincoln, in 1860, sparked the secession of thirteen southern states from the Union, to form the Confederate States of America. One of these states was Virginia, but its western part were l...
The War
The war brought successes and failures to both sides until the sheer weight of numbers and industrial strength tipped the balance decisively in the Union’s favor. Well over 600,000 American soldiers were killed, making it by far the worst conflict in US history. The South’s economy was ruined. Slavery was abolished (outlawed in the North in 1863 by the Emancipation Proclamation, and throughout the country on the North’s victory in 1865 by the 13th Amendment of the Constitution; two further am...
The Reconstruction of the South
The southern states, though defeated, still had their self-government, and their legislatures reacted to the abolition of slavery by enacting “Black Codes”, which aimed at ensuring that the former slaves continued to labour on the plantations as before, and at keeping them in a subordinate place in society and politics. This angered many people in the North, and in 1867 Congress, now dominated by Radical Republicans, asserted control over the Reconstruction of the South. It sent the army in t...
Renewed Economic Expansion
By the late 1870s, the country – and in particular the North – was moving into a phase of dramatic economic expansion. The first transcontinental railroad line was opened in 1869, and more followed in succeeding years. This development opened up vast new lands for exploitation, with grain and meat now being shipped cheaply from the mid-West to East, and beyond to Europe. The demand for steel and coal soared, and the industrialization of such sectors as agriculture and textiles proceeded apace...
The West
The first transcontinental railroad opened in 1869. Five more followed in the 1870s and 80s. These cut coast-to-coast journey times from several months by wagon train, stage coach or ship, to as many days. Wherever these railroads went, towns and farmsteads sprouted up. In the 1870s and 1880s the railway companies actively promoted settlements of their lands by advertising in Europe, mainly Germany and Scandinavia, and by offering incentives (including cheap travel and easy credit) to settler...
The Indian Wars of the Late 19th Century
Unsurprisingly, the sudden mass migration of White settlers into the West led to a series of clasheswith the Native American peoples who lived there. The Apache Wars (1863-4), the Colorado War (1863-5), the Snake War (1864-8), Red Cloud’s War (1868), the Comanche Campaign (1875), The Great Sioux War (1876) and the Nex Perce War (1877) were only the most famous of these. As in earlier times, indigenous warriors were sometimes victorious – most strikingly at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876),...
5 de mar. de 2024 · Date: May 14, 1607 - September 3, 1783. Major Events: American Revolution. French and Indian War. Boston Massacre. Battles of Saratoga. Battle of Kings Mountain. (Show more) Key People: Thomas Jefferson. Benjamin Franklin. George III. William Pitt the Elder. Edmund Burke. Related Topics: Western colonialism. Declaration of Independence.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- What are the American colonies?The American colonies were the British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern...
- Who established the American colonies?In 1606 King James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company of London to colonize the American coast anywhere between parallels 34° a...
- What pushed the American colonies toward independence?After the French and Indian War the British government determined that the colonies should help pay for the cost of the war and the postwar garriso...
- When did the American colonies declare independence?On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, “unanimously” by the votes of 12 colonies (with New York abstaining) res...
American literature - Colonial, Revolution, Enlightenment: In America in the early years of the 18th century, some writers, such as Cotton Mather, carried on the older traditions. His huge history and biography of Puritan New England, Magnalia Christi Americana, in 1702, and his vigorous Manuductio ad Ministerium, or introduction to the ...
The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.
- What is the relationship between the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening? I believe they both argu...What is the difference between Enlightenment and Great Awakening? • Enlightenment was a movement started by the philosophers and scientists and it...
- So, as a Christian, am I correct in assuming that this movement steered people away from Christianit...Short answer: yes Long answer: It did start a downward spiral from adherence to the Christian worldview. While the Renaissance had already had a hu...
- Hey! I have a question regarding the spread of these ideas. How did *enlightenment* spread? Was it b...Some American colonists spread the enlightenment ideas through pamphlets, newspapers, and other publications. The wealthy women of Paris also held...
- Where can I learn more about the ideas that the text describes as dominating Enlightenment thought, ...Here is a website that i have recently came across. I hope it helps you. If not I recommend getting biography's about the people you wish to know m...
- SOOOO how exactly did the Enlightenment affect people's views of science? of religion? of government...Like the article said, it changed people's views from more of a religious perspective to finding reasoning and reason.
14 de may. de 2020 · How Historic Preservation Shaped the Early United States. A new book details how the young nation regarded its recent and more ancient pasts. Karin Wulf. History Correspondent. May 14, 2020....
18th century 1700s Map of North America at the start of Queen Anne's War (1702), showing areas occupied by the three European powers. England reunites the Province of East Jersey and the Province of West Jersey as the Province of New-Jersey; Queen Anne's War, 1702 – April 11, 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, April 11, 1713
