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  1. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › ReformationReformation - Wikipedia

    The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

    • Overview
    • The Counter-Reformation
    • Post-Reformation conditions

    The most important single event in the Catholic Reformation was almost certainly the Council of Trent, which met intermittently in 25 sessions between 1545 and 1563. The papacy’s bitter experiences with the conciliarism of the 15th century made the popes of the 16th century wary of any so-called reform council, for which many were clamouring. After several false starts, however, the council was finally summoned by Pope Paul III (reigned 1534–49), and it opened on December 13, 1545. The legislation of the Council of Trent enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation and thus represents the official adjudication of many questions about which there had been continuing ambiguity throughout the early church and the Middle Ages. The “either/or” doctrines of the Protestant Reformers—justification by faith alone, the authority of Scripture alone—were anathematized, in the name of a “both/and” doctrine of justification by both faith and works on the basis of the authority of both Scripture and tradition, and the privileged standing of the Latin Vulgate was reaffirmed against Protestant insistence upon the original Hebrew and Greek texts of Scripture.

    No less important for the development of modern Roman Catholicism, however, was the legislation of Trent aimed at reforming—and at re-forming—the internal life and discipline of the church. Two of its most far-reaching provisions were the requirement that every diocese provide for the proper education of its future clergy in seminaries under church auspices and the requirement that the clergy, and especially the bishops, give more attention to the task of preaching. The financial abuses that had been so flagrant in the church at all levels were brought under control, and strict rules requiring the residency of bishops in their dioceses were established. In place of the liturgical chaos that had prevailed, the council laid down specific prescriptions about the form of the mass and liturgical music. What emerged from the Council of Trent, therefore, was a chastened but consolidated church and papacy, the Roman Catholicism of modern history.

    Recognition of the scope and success of the internal movements for reform within 16th-century Roman Catholicism has rendered obsolete the practice of certain earlier historians who lumped all these movements under the heading “Counter-Reformation,” as though only Protestantism (or, perhaps, only the historian’s own version of Protestantism) had the right to the title of “the Reformation”—hence the use here of the term Roman Catholic Reformation. Yet that does not deny a proper meaning of “Counter-Reformation” as part of the larger phenomenon, for counteracting the effects of Protestantism was part of the program of the Council of Trent, the Society of Jesus, and the papacy during the second half of the 16th century and afterward. Indeed, the papacy established two institutions, the Roman Inquisition and the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (“Index of Forbidden Books”), specifically to combat the Protestant Reformation.

    The Counter-Reformation was instituted wherever there had been a Protestant Reformation, but it met with strikingly varied degrees of success. Most of the “German lands” in which Luther had worked remained Protestant after his death in 1546, but major territories, above all Bavaria and Austria, were regained for Roman Catholicism by the end of the 16th century. The Wars of Religion between 1562 and 1598 regained France for the Roman Catholic cause, though the Edict of Nantes (1598) granted a limited toleration to the Protestants; it was revoked in 1685. Perhaps the most complete victory for the Counter-Reformation was the restoration of Roman Catholic domination in Poland and in Hussite Bohemia.

    The peace of 1648 may have meant that the era of the Reformation had ended, but for those who remained loyal to the see of Rome it meant that what had been thought of as a temporary disturbance would now be a permanent condition. Although the church still claimed to be the only true church of Jesus Christ on earth, in the affairs of the faithful and those of nations it had to accept the fact that it was just one church among many. The Roman Catholic Church was also obliged to deal with the nation-states of the modern era individually. To understand the history of modern Roman Catholicism, therefore, it is necessary to consider trends within particular states or regions—such as France, Germany, the New World, or the mission field—only as illustrations of tendencies that transcended geographic boundaries and that permeated the entire life of the church. Most of the development of Roman Catholicism since 1648 makes sense only in the light of this changed situation.

    The results of the change became evident in the papacy of the 17th and 18th centuries. On June 6, 1622, Gregory XV (reigned 1621–23) created the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, hence propaganda), which was renamed the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples in 1967. Its responsibility was, and still is, the organization and direction of the missions of the church to the non-Christian world, as well as the administration of the affairs of the church in areas that do not have an ordinary ecclesiastical government. While the congregation usually appointed vicars apostolic—bishops with only delegated authority over mission countries where the hierarchy had not yet been established—some nations, such as the United States, whose hierarchy was established in 1789, and Great Britain, whose hierarchy was restored in 1850, remained subject to Propaganda Fide until 1908. It has therefore played an important role in the efforts to restore Roman Catholicism in Protestant and, to some degree, in Eastern Orthodox territories.

  2. The Catholic Reformation was a reform movement that took place within the Roman Catholic Church during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The movement is also known as the Counter Reformation, but many historians prefer not to use this term because it suggests that changes within the church were simply a reaction to Protestantism.

  3. 26 de mar. de 2024 · Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.

  4. 21 de mar. de 2024 · Counter-Reformation, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th–17th century against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal. Learn more about the history, key reformers, educational and missionary endeavors, and legacy of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.