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1285 ( MCCLXXXV) fue un año común comenzado en lunes del calendario juliano . Acontecimientos. Alfonso III, nombrado rey de Aragón. Honorio IV sucede a Martín IV como papa. Nacimientos. 6 de diciembre - Fernando IV el Emplazado, rey de Castilla y León. Fallecimientos. 2 de noviembre - Pedro III, rey de Aragón. Enlaces externos.
October 1 – Battle of the Col de Panissars: Aragonese forces under King Peter III ( the Great) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the Pyrenees. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family.
- Prelude
- Invasion
- Aftermath
- References
The first invasion
In 1241, a Mongol army under Subutai and Batu Khan invaded central and eastern Europe, including Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Hungarian attempt to halt the invasion at the Battle of Mohi failed catastrophically. The light cavalry that made up most of the Hungarian mounted forces had proven ineffective against the Mongol troops, though the few heavily armored knights (mostly those of the Knights Templar) performed significantly better when engaged in close quarter...
Military reforms
King Béla IV took note of this, and spent the next few decades reforming Hungary in preparation for possible future invasions. He used a variety of methods to do this. First and foremost, he amalgamated the servientes and iobagiones castri into a new class of heavily armored, well-trained knights of the western type, where previously Hungary's defenses had relied almost entirely on wooden castles and light cavalry. In 1247 he concluded a feudal agreement with the Knights of St. John, giving t...
Lead-up to the second invasion
In 1254, Batu Khan demanded a marriage alliance with Hungary and a quarter of its army for a drive into central and western Europe. In exchange, Hungary would be spared from tribute obligations and any further destruction. Béla ignored the message. Additional ultimatums were sent in 1259 and 1264, this time by Batu's brother and successor, Berke Khan. Berke made similar demands: if Hungary would submit to the Mongols and grant them a quarter of its army for the planned invasion of Europe, it...
Forces
In the winter of 1285, Mongol armies invaded Hungary for a second time. As in the first invasion in 1241, Mongols invaded Hungary in two fronts. Nogai invaded via Transylvania, while Töle-Buka (Talabuga) invaded via Transcarpathia and Moravia. A third, smaller force likely entered the center of the kingdom, mirroring Kadan's earlier route. The invasion paths seemed to mirror those taken by Batu and Subutai 40 years earlier, with Talabuga going through Verecke Pass and Nogai going through Bras...
Central/Northern Hungary, Transcarpathia, and Western Transylvania
Talabuga, who led the main army in Northern Hungary, was stopped by the heavy snow of the Carpathians. On the march up, his force was devastated by logistical factors, namely a shortage of food which caused the deaths of thousands of his soldiers, as attested to by the Galician-Volynian Chronicle and certain contemporary Polish sources. This was likely the result of the traditional tactics of castle warfare, which involve starving out the invaders by hoarding all available food stocks, while...
Transylvania and the Hungarian Plains
Nogai stayed in Transylvania until the spring of 1286. Here he plundered some towns and villages, such as Szászrégen (Reghin), Brassó (Braşov) and Beszterce (Bistrița). He also managed to destroy a few forts and walled towns. However, like Talabuga, he failed to take any major fortifications, with the exception of the Saxon castle of Ban Mikod in the Aranyos(Arieș) Valley, the former royal stronghold of Torda (today Turda, Romania). After the defeat of Talabuga's main column, King Ladislaus I...
The results of the invasion could not have contrasted more sharply with those of the 1241 invasion. The invasion was repelled handily, and the Mongols lost much of their invading force due to several months of starvation, numerous small raids, and two major military defeats. This was mostly thanks to the new fortification network and the military r...
Cartledge, Bryan (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 978-1-84904-112-6.Chambers, James -- The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of EuropePeter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank -- A History of Hungary. 1990 Indiana University 448p. ISBN 978-0253208675Pow, Stephen Lindsay -- Deep Ditches and Well-built walls. Calgary, 2012.https://prism.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/11023/232/ucalgary_2012_pow_lindsey.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y- 1285–1286
- Kingdom of Hungary
- Hungarian victory, Golden Horde invasion repelled, Most Mongol forces destroyed
1283 ( MCCLXXXIII) fue un año común comenzado en viernes del calendario juliano . Acontecimientos. El Rey Pedro III de Aragón autoriza la instalación del Consulado del Mar en Valencia. 1 de junio.
Vísperas sicilianas: nombre que se dio a la sublevación de los sicilianos contra las tropas invasoras francesas de Carlos de Anjou, por haberse iniciado a la hora de vísperas del lunes de Pascua de 1282. Los sublevados sorprendieron a la guarnición francesa y realizaron una gran matanza.
1285 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1285th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 285th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 13th century, and the 6th year of the 1280s decade.
The Rucellai Madonna is the largest 13th-century panel painting extant. History. The Rucellai Madonna is the earlier of the two works by Duccio for which there is written documentation (the other is the Maestà of 1308–11).
