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Transcendental idealism is a philosophical system [1] founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the 18th century. Kant's epistemological program [2] is found throughout his Critique of Pure Reason (1781). By transcendental (a term that deserves special clarification [3]) Kant means that his philosophical approach to knowledge transcends ...
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German idealism is the name of a movement in German philosophy that began in the 1780s and lasted until the 1840s. The most famous representatives of this movement are Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. While there are important differences between these figures, they all share a commitment to idealism.
Absolute idealism is chiefly associated with Friedrich Schelling and G. W. F. Hegel, both of whom were German idealist philosophers in the 19th century. The label has also been attached to others such as Josiah Royce, an American philosopher who was greatly influenced by Hegel's work, and the British idealists. [1] [2]
German idealism was a substitute for religion after the Civil War when "Americans were drawn to German idealism because of a 'loss of faith in traditional cosmic explanations.' " [30] "By the early 1870s, the infiltration of German idealism was so pronounced that Walt Whitman declared in his personal notes that 'Only Hegel is fit for America — is large enough and free enough.'
Rudolf Hermann Lotze ( / ˈlɔːtsə /; German: [ˈlɔtsə]; 21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was well versed in biology. He argued that if the physical world is governed by mechanical laws and relations, then developments in the universe could be explained as the functioning ...
Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( / ˈfɪktə /; [11] German: [ˈjoːhan ˈɡɔtliːp ˈfɪçtə]; [12] [13] [14] 19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814) was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.
