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1289 ( MCCLXXXIX) fue un año común comenzado en sábado del calendario juliano . Nacimientos. 4 de octubre - Luis X de Francia. 6 de octubre - Wenceslao III de Bohemia, rey de Hungría y Bohemia. Enlaces externos. Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre 1289.
Year 1289 ( MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar . Events. By place. Europe. June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato and Siena under Viscount Aimery IV defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in Tuscany.
- Background
- Opposing Forces
- Battle
- Result
- Bibliography
Later, in the mid-14th century, Giovanni Villani recorded the long-remembered details— as Florentines remembered them— in his chronicle, though the casus belli he offers are merely conventional "outrages" on the part of Arezzo; the elaborately staged raid and fight led by aristocrats on both sides sounds like stylized gang warfare, though carried o...
Guelph army
The Guelphs had the numerical advantage in the battle, with about 12,000 combatants. Most of these troops had been raised by Florence, and were generally well-equipped due to their hometown's wealth. Florence was well known at the time as a producer of highly regarded weapons and armour, and its troops probably had better weaponry than the Ghibellines. The Florentines were reinforced by other Tuscan Guelphs, including Bologna, Pistoia, Lucca, San Gimignano, San Miniato, Siena, Volterra, and o...
Ghibelline army
The Ghibelline army was of similar size, but differed drastically in its composition from the Guelph force. Unlike their opponents, the Ghibellines relied less on ad hoc city militias and were instead mostly composed of feudal lords and their retinues, who were generally much better trained and more experienced than their opponents. The Ghibelline cavalry and infantry were thus regarded as the better fighters compared with their Guelph opponents, with Villani describing them as "the flower of...
Deployment
The Florentines deployed an advance guard of cavalry, behind which, in the centre of their line stood the bulk of their cavalry. On each wing they placed their infantry, slightly forward so the line was crescent shaped. Behind this force, they drew up their baggage and, behind that, a reserve of infantry and cavalry. The Aretines drew up in four lines; the first, second, and fourth of cavalry, the third of infantry.
Course of the battle
The Aretines attacked with their first three lines, scattering the Florentine advanced guard and pushing back the main body towards the wagons. However, they now came under crossfire from the flanking infantry. The Florentine reserve now made a flanking attack, trapping the Aretines. According to Villani, Corso Donati, podestà of Pistoia, though under orders to stand ready in reserve, shouted “If we lose, I will die in the battle with my fellow citizens; and if we conquer, let him that will,...
The Battle of Campaldino secured Guelph dominance in Florence, though internecine fighting among the Whites and Blacks among the Florentine Guelphs resulted in civic disturbances and the exile of many, including Dante (a member of the Whites, the faction more opposed to papal power).
DeVries, Kelly; Capponi, Niccolò (2018). Marcus Cowper (ed.). Campaldino 1289. The battle that made Dante. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1472831286.
- 11 June 1289
- Decisive Guelph victory
- Campaldino, Tuscanypresent-day Italy
Kepler-1289b es un planeta extrasolar que forma parte de un sistema planetario formado por al menos un planeta. 1 Orbita la estrella denominada Kepler-1289. Fue descubierto en el año 2016 por la sonda Kepler por medio de tránsito astronómico. 2 . Véase también. Wikiproyecto:Planetas extrasolares/Kepler. Planetas extrasolares.
The battle occurred in 1289 and was an important event in the Crusades, as it marked the capture of one of the few remaining major possessions of the Crusaders. The event is represented in a rare surviving illustration from a now fragmentary manuscript known as the ' Cocharelli Codex ', thought to have been created in Genoa in the 1330s.
- March – April 1289
- Tripoli taken by the Mamluk Sultanate
- Tripoli, present-day Lebanon
- Mamluk Sultanate victory
Beginning. Events. Births. Deaths. References. 1289. Events. The 5,452 meter (17,887 feet) high volcano Popocatépetl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe in present-day Mexico.
The number 1289 is an odd prime number, following 1283 and preceding 1291. It is classified as an apocalyptic power, a deficient number , and an evil number : [1] The number 1289 is called an apocalyptic power because 2 1289 contains the consecutive digits 666 (in decimal), as the Number of the beast : in the sequence ..., 1281, 1285 ...
