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From the mid-1960s on, computers and telecommunications became increasingly integrated, enabling many businesses to conduct transactions in "real time." The most visible manifestations of this new way of conducting business included airline reservation systems, automated teller machines, and barcode scanning in supermarket checkouts. Less visibly, ...

Although Europe was relatively unsuccessful as a computer manufacturer, it was very successful in adopting and adapting information technology to improve its industrial competitiveness and information infrastructure. By far the most important European development—though ultimately only partly successful—was videotex, which promised an Internet-like...

Campbell-Kelly, Martin, and William Aspray. Computer: A History of the Information Machine.2nd ed. Boulder, Colo., 2004. Coopey, Richard, ed. Information Technology Policy: An International History.Oxford, U.K., 2004. Naughton, John. A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet.London, 1999. Randell, Brian, ed. Origins of Digital Computer...