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15 de ene. de 2021 · Among these, we identified 64 environmental exposures defined as risk factors and 4 environmental protective factors. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the latest available evidence on environmental exposures and health outcomes.
- David Rojas-Rueda, Emily Morales-Zamora, Wael Abdullah Alsufyani, Christopher H. Herbst, Salem M. Al...
- 10.3390/ijerph18020704
- 2021
- 2021/01
Estimating environmental health impacts. In 2016, as much as 24% of all deaths worldwide were attributable to the environment. Factors include air pollution, water and sanitation, increasing heat waves and severe weather events, harmful exposure to chemicals and more.
15 de ene. de 2021 · The environmental factors found in this review were air pollution, environmental tobacco smoke, heavy metals, chemicals, ambient temperature, noise, radiation, and urban residential surroundings. Among these, we identified 65 environmental exposures defined as risk factors and 4 environmental protective factors.
- David Rojas-Rueda, Emily Morales-Zamora, Wael Abdullah Alsufyani, Christopher H. Herbst, Salem M. Al...
- 2021
- Introduction
- Air Pollution
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke
- Chemicals, Pesticides, and Heavy Metals
- Physical Exposures
- Residential Surroundings
In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 12.6 million global deaths, representing 23% (95% CI: 13–34%) of all deaths, were attributable to the environment . Air pollution and second-hand smoke are responsible for 52 million lower-respiratory diseases each year, representing 35% of the global cases . Non-communicable diseases are ...
We identified 14 air pollutants related to 34 diseases and mortality diagnoses. The air pollutant with the most extensive list of health impacts (29 diagnoses) was the particulate matter with less than 2.5 micrometers of diameter (PM2.5), followed by particulate matter with less than 10 micrometers of diameter (PM10) (17), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (1...
Environmental tobacco smoke is an involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke, also known as passive smoke or secondhand smoke. Environmental tobacco smoke is generated by tobacco products’ combustion and is a complex mixture of over 4000 compounds. These include more than 40 known or suspected human carcinogens, such as 4-aminobiphenyl, 2-naphthylamine,...
This review identified two health outcomes associated with childhood exposure to 1,3-butadiene. 1,3-Butadiene is a synthetic gas used primarily as a monomer to manufacture many different polymers and copolymers and as a chemical intermediate in industrial chemical production. Motor vehicle exhaust is also a source of 1,3-butadiene. One meta-analysi...
Physical exposures refer to environmental factors such as temperature, noise, or radiation. Our review identified 21 meta-analyses covering 14 physical environmental exposures and 27 different diseases or causes of death among children, women, adults, and elderly populations. Ambient temperature and extreme weather were the most common physical env...
In this category, we summarized the environmental exposures related to residential surroundings, such as greenness, proximity to roadways and petrochemical complexes, or the degree of urbanization. We also located other residential exposures, such as the presence of pets that are suggested as a protective factor for non-communicable diseases. We id...
Key facts. Approximately 83 million people still do not have adequate sanitation systems of which 15.6 million people still practice open defecation and 28 million do not have access to improve sources of safe drinking water, resulting in about 30 thousand preventable deaths each year;
The Lancet Commission on pollution and health reported that pollution was responsible for 9 million premature deaths in 2015, making it the world's largest environmental risk factor for disease and premature death. We have now updated this estimate using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuriaes, and Risk Factors Study 2019.
28 de ene. de 2019 · Environmental risks to health include pollution, radiation, noise, land use patterns, work environment, and climate change. These risks are driven by policies in sectors outside the health sector, such as energy, industry, agriculture, transport, and land planning.
