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Ywain and Gawain is an early-14th century Middle English Arthurian verse romance based quite closely upon the late-12th-century Old French romance The Knight of the Lion by Chrétien de Troyes.
Ywain and Gawain was probably the poet's intended title, since he makes specific, internal references to the poem this way; he refers, for example, to the audience in line 4 as those who "harkens Ywayne and Gawayne."
Gawain agrees to fight for one and the other decides to seek the now famous ‘Knight with the Lion’. Her maiden finds Ywain, who accepts and returns to Arthur’s court, rescuing some Saracen maidens forced to work as seamstresses on his way. When Ywain arrives, both he and Gawain conceal their identity.
Unlike Sir Perceval, a work which the English poet took and made his own, Ywain and Gawain is more a translation and a streamlining of Le Chevalier au Lion, retaining the narrative, but reducing the earlier work by some twenty-eight hundred lines.
Gawain, his cousin, goes with him, and the bulk of the time he serves as Gawain's foil before participating in his own adventure involving the knights of the Red Castle. Other than in this tale, Ywain is mentioned in a scattering of passages, with at most a hundred lines dedicated to his character.
Yvain is nephew of Morgause and King Lot, and thus cousin to Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, Gareth and Mordred. He has a half-brother (with whom he is often confused) named Yvain the Bastard , son of Urien and his seneschal 's wife (and also another half-brother named Galeguinant in the Prose Lancelot ).
Ywain and Gawain is a translation of Yvain, ou le Chevalier au Lion by Chrétien de Troyes, though there are enough changes to qualify as redaction. In one view, all Middle English translations of other texts are “adaptation, or literary manipulation” (Djordjeviç 11) since some change is almost always involved.
